Kinases, mitogen-activated

Landry, J., Lambert, H., Zhou, M., Lavoie, J.N., Hickey, E., Weber, L.A., Anderson, C.W. (1992). Human hsp27 is phosphorylated at serines 78 and 82 by heat shock and mitogen activated kinases that recognize the same amino acid motif as S6 kinase 11. J. Biol. 267, 794-803. 

Waskiewicz, A. J., Flynn, A., Proud, C. G., and Cooper, J. A. (1997). Mitogen-activated kinases activate the serine/threonine kinases Mnkl andMnk2. EMBO J. 16, 1909-1920. 

Independently the / - and y-subunits have accompanying signaling function. As recently shown they participate in the activation of mitogen activated kinases (MAP-kinases). 

Wright, P.A., Boyd, H.F., Bethell, R.C., Busch, M., Gribbon, P, Kraemer, J., Lopez-Calle, E., Mander, T.H., Winkler, D., and Benson, N., Development of a 1-pL scale assay for mitogen-activated kinase kinase 7 using 2-D fluorescence intensity distribution analysis anisotropy, /. Biomol. Screen., 7, 419, 2002. 

Mitogen activated kinases, MAP kinases (the MAP kinases are involved in transduction of growth promoting signals, see Chapter 10)... 

Figure 11-13 (A) A simplified version of the mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. At left is shown a hormone receptor, e.g., that for the epidermal growth factor (EGF). The receptor tyrosine kinase undergoes autophosphorylation on numerous tyrosines. The resulting phosphotyrosyl (Y-P) groups bind to SH2 domains of adapters such as Grb2 and She.

Intracellular signaling Increased protein kinase C activity or decreased protein phosphatase activity Slaga et al. [15] Anti-CD3 activates mitogen-activated kinase Erk2 Von Willebrand et al. [110]... 

Von Willebrand M, Jascur T, Bonnefoy-Berard N, Yano H, Altman A, Matsuda Y, Mustelin T. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase blocks T cell antigen recep-tor/CD3-induced activation of the mitogen-activated kinase Erk2. Eur J Biochem 1996 235 828-35. 

Abbreviations used tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-y (INF-y), interleukin-ip (IL-1P), sphingosine kinase (SK), protein kinase C (PKC), sphingomyelinase (SMase), extra-cellular-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK), stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), ceramide activated protein kinase (CAPK), ceramide activated protein phosphatase (CAPP), mitogen activated kinase (MEK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase D (PLD), SIPR (SIP receptor). 

Inhibition of EGF-R tyrosine kinase by hypericin 1 was shown to be irreversible, non-competitive and time as well as temperature dependent. The IC50 increased from 0.75 pM in the dark to 44 nM with light illumination for 30 min. This effect was presumably due to a type I photosensitization mechanism since exclusion of oxygen did not alter the inhibition curve. Some Ser/Thr protein kinases (e.g., protein kinase A, casein kinase 1 and 2) and the enzyme 5 -nucleotidase were not inhibited even at concentrations > 100 pM [144]. However, the same authors recently reported that hypericin 1 in addition to protein kinase C also caused the light-dependent inhibition of certain other Ser/Thr kinases (e.g. protein kinase CK-2, mitogen-activated kinase) and the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, while it was ineffective towards the cytosolic tyrosine kinases Lyn, Fgr, TPK-IIB and CSK. These results suggest that distantly related protein kinases could still share common reactive domains for the interaction with hypericin 1 [156]. In contrast to the above mentioned studies, Richter and Davies [157] observed no inhibition of EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF-R in HN5 squamous carcinoma... 

We used this approach to show that exposure of corneal epithelial cells to electric fields induced rapid and sustained phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) (Fig. 6a). We also find that other kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated kinase, Src, and Akt (Fig. 6b) are activated in keratinocytes and neutrophils after exposure to an electric field (20). 

Chang, L.-C. and Wang, J.-P. (2000). Activation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in rat neutrophils. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 390, 61-66. 

Key Words Cannabinoids immune function splenocytes T cells lymphocyte proliferation macrophages c5dokines mitogen-activated kinase CB2R knockout mouse. 

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