Phosphatases mitogen-activated protein kinase

Takaki, M., Ujike, H., Kodama, M. et al. Two kinds of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases, MKP-1 and MKP-3, are differentially activated by acute and chronic methamphetamine treatment in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 79 679, 2001. 

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases are dual-function protein phosphatases 401... 

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases are dual-function protein phosphatases. Just as the MAPK kinases (e.g. MEKs) are unique as dual-functioning kinases in that they phosphorylate MAPKs on threonine and tyrosine residues, there are unique dual-function ing protein phosphatases that reverse the phosphorylation and activation of MAPKs [43], Such MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) were first identified as a product of vaccinia virus (VH1) and later found in all eukaryotic cells. There are now numerous members of this VH1 family of dual-functioning protein phosphatases. 

Horiuchi, M., Hayashida, W., Kambe, T., Yamada, T., and Dzau, V.J. 1997. Angiotensin type 2 receptor dephosphorylates Bcl-2 by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and induces apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272 19022-19026. 

Johnston, P.A. et al. 2007. Development and implementation of a 384-well homogeneous fluorescence intensity high-throughput screening assay to identify mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 dualspecificity protein phosphatase inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 5, 319-332. 

Wiland AM, Denu JM, Mourey RJ et al (1996) Pmification and kinetic characterization of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase rVH6. J Biol Chem 271 33486-33492... 

Zhao Y, Zhang ZY (2001) The mechanism of dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3. J Biol Chem 276 32382-32391... 

Loda M, Capodieci P, Mishra Ret al (1996) Expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in the early phases of human epithelial carcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 149 1553-1564... 

US EPA (2008). Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) Database Network, Vol. 2008. Vogt, A., and Lazo, J. S. (2007). Implementation of high-content assay for inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases. Methods 42, 268-277. 

Warmka, J. K., Mauro, L. J., and Wattenberg, E. V, Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 is a tumor promoter target in initiated cells that express oncogenic Ras, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 33085, 2004. 

Liu, Y. et al. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase during the cellular response to genotoxic stress inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity and AP-1-dependent gene activation, J. Biol. Chem., 270 (15), 8377,1995. 

Brondello JM, Bnmet A, Pouyssegur J, McKenzie FR. The dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and -2 are induced by the p42/p44MAPK cascade. J Biol Chem 1997 272 1368-1376. 

Cook SJ, Beltman J, Cadwallader KA, McMahon M, McCormick F. Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression by extracellular signal-related kinase-dependent and Ca -dependent signal pathways in Rat-1 cells. J Biol... 

Bokemeyer D, Sorokin A, Yan M, Ahn NG, Templeton DJ, Dmm MJ. Induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 by the stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway but not by extracellular signal-regulated kinase in fibroblasts. J Biol... 

Cdc, cell division cycle DARPP-32, dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDa MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase NIPP1, nuclear inhibitor of PP1 PP, protein phosphatase Vffl, vaccinia virus. 

Protein kinase Cd, Akt kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEKK-1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), protein phosphatase (PP)2A, calcineurin... 

Bhalla, U. S., Ram, P. T., and Iyengar, R. (2002) MAP kinase phosphatase as a locus of flexibility in a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling network. Science 297, 1018-1023. 

Alderton, F.A., Darroch, P.I., Sambi, B., McKie, A., Pyne, N.J. and Pyne, S., 2001, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling to p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase is attenuated by Upid phosphate phosphatases 1,1a and 2 in HEK 293 cells, J. Biol. Chem. 276 13452-13460. 

The potential substrates for histone phosphorylation include N-terminal serine and threonine hydroxyl groups of H2A, H3, and H4 the N- and C-terminal tails of HI and the unique C-terminal of H2AX [19,29] (see Fig. 6). Similar to acetylation, phosphorylation appears to be a dynamic modification that transduces on/off signals to nuclear modulators. Enzymes implicated in regulating this pathway include the cyclin-dependent kinases and mitogen activated protein kinases, and the antagonistic phosphatase 1 [158,159]. 

Two processes have been proposed to explain the mitogenic effect of fluoride on bone cells involving either fluoride ions directly or the AIF complex (Fig. 11). Fluoride ions have been shown to directly inhibit an enzyme (tyrosine phophory-lase phosphatase) resulting in an enhancement of the tyrosine phosphorylation part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase system (MARK) [177], The other activation pathway involves a complex of aluminium and fluoride which activates the G-protein and stimulates tyrosine phophorylation resulting in an enhanced mitogenic effect [176]. 

MKK mitogen activated protein kinase kinase MKP Mitogen kinase phosphatase mRNA messenger RNA... 

Hulley, P. A., F. Gordon, and F.S. Hough. 1998. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and proliferation of an early osteoblast cell line (MBA 15.4) by dexamethasone Role of protein phosphatases. Endocrinology 139 2423-31. 

Bedecs, K., Elbaz, N., Sutren, M., Masson, M., Susini, C., Strosberg, A.D., and Nahmias, C. 1997. Angiotensin II type 2 receptors mediate inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and functional activation of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase. Biochem. J. 325 449-454. 

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