Mitogen-activated protein kinases, regulatory

Montero, M., Lobaton, C. D., Moreno, A., and Alvarez, J., 2002, A novel regulatory mechanism of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter revealed by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB202190, FASEB J. 16, pp. 1955-1957... 

Ras activates a number of pathways among them is the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, which transmit signals downstream to other protein kinases and gene regulatory proteins... 

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions involve multi-molecular enzyme-substrate association. Therefore, even when the overall reaction is unimolecular, the enzyme mechanism is generally non-linear. If a system has more than one copy of the enzyme and a small number of the reactant molecules, then one needs the CME framework to represent the stochastic behavior of the system. Note that in cellular regulatory networks, the substrates themselves may be proteins that are present in small numbers of copies. Recall from Section 5.1, for example, that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) is the substrate of MAP kinase, and the MAPK is the substrate of MAPKK. 

For signaling pathways, recent years have seen an increasing number of studies of specific pathways where mathematical modeling is applied to infer systems properties from the models. These applications include the mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase pathways [14-16], apoptotic pathways [17-19], the Wnt/j6-Catenin [20], and the Janus kinase-signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway [21], A regulatory network that has been studied intensively is the cell cycle [7, 22, 23]. 

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