Biochemical response

D. E. Moreland, J. B. St. John, and E. D. Hess, eds.. Biochemical Responses Induced by Herbicides, ACS Symposium Senes 181, American Chemical... 

Commercial PCBs Toxic and Biochemical Effects. PCBs and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ehcit a diverse spectmm of toxic and biochemical responses in laboratory animals dependent on a number of factors including age, sex, species, and strain of the test animal and the dosing regimen (single or multiple) (27—32). In Bobwhite and Japanese quad, the LC q dose for several different commercial PCB preparations ranged from 600 to 30,000 ppm in the diet the LC q values for mink that were fed Aroclors 1242 and 1254 were 8.6 and 6.7 ppm in the diet, respectively (8,28,33). The... 

Activation of Mi, M3, and M5 mAChRs does not only lead to the generation of IP3 followed by the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, but also results in the stimulation of phospholipase A2, phospholipase D, and various tyrosine kinases. Similarly, M2 and M4 receptor activation does not only mediate the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, but also induces other biochemical responses including augmentation of phospholipase A2 activity. Moreover, the stimulation of different mAChR subtypes is also linked to the activation of different classes of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases), resulting in specific effects on gene expression and cell growth or differentiation. 

IFN-co (Intarcia Therapeutics, Emeryville, California) has been reported to be well tolerated and safe, in patients infected with various HCV genotypes, at doses of 15-120pg three times weekly for 12 weeks, with dose-dependent virological and biochemical responses (Plauth et al. 2002). At a dose of 25 pg daily, IFN-co induced a 2-log HCV RNA dechne at week 12 in two-thirds of 74 patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (Gorbakov et al. 2005). In a recent trial, SVR was achieved in 6% and 36% of patients receiving the same dose of IFN-O) without and with ribavirin, respectively (Novozhenov et al. 2007). A new trial of IFN-m, delivered continuously by an implantable device, will start soon. 

The techniques of molecular biology have particular potential for rapidly introducing small numbers of single genes. Unfortunately there is strong evidence that the complex compensation mechanisms that exist in plants, and the interactions between different whole-plant and biochemical responses to stress, will make the direct improvement of environmental stress tolerance in crop plants by genetic engineering rather more difficult... 

Intake of various xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, PCBs, or certain hydrocarbons can cause enzyme induction. It is thus important to know whether or not an individual has been exposed to these inducing agents in evaluating biochemical responses to xenobiotics. Metabolites of certain xenobiotics can inhibit or stimulate the activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. 

Ice scouring of the intertidal zone in arctic waters makes this virtually sterile. This was noted more than 170 years ago by Keilhau (1831)—so that attention was directed to components of the subtidal zone to which little attention had previously been directed, and which was expected to be particularly sensitive to oil spills. Changes in the components of the macrobenthos including infauna, epibenthos, and macroalgae were examined, and attention was also directed to the histopathological and biochemical responses of bivalve molluscs that were affected in different ways by exposure to the dispersed and the undispersed oil. 

Moss R.L., Flynn R.E., Shi J Shen X.M., et al. (1998). Electrophysiological and biochemical responses of mouse vomeronasal receptor cells to urine-derived compounds possible mechanism of action. Chem Senses 23, 483-489. 

Biochemical response is defined as normalization of aminotransferase levels, specifically ALT concentrations. 

Sasaki, H., Takaoka, I, and Ishiko, T., Effects of sucrose or caffeine ingestion on running performance and biochemical responses to endurance running, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 203, 1987. 

Cools A, Salle HJA, Yerberk MM, et al. 1976. Biochemical response of male volunteers ingesting inorganic lead for 49 days. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 38 129-139. 

Huang, K.S., Mark, D. and Gandenberger, F.U. (2006) High-throughput measurements of biochemical responses using the plate vision multimode 96 minilens array reader. Methods in Enzymology, 414, 589-600. 

Zinc protoporphyrin IX is a normal metabolite that is formed in trace amounts during haem biosynthesis. However, in iron deficiency or in impaired iron utilization, zinc becomes an alternative substrate for ferrochelatase and elevated levels of zinc protoporphyrin IX, which has a known low affinity for oxygen, are formed. This zinc-for-iron substitution is one of the first biochemical responses to iron depletion, and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin is therefore a very sensitive index of bone-marrow iron status (Labbe et ah, 1999). In addition, zinc protoporphyrin may regulate haem catabolism by acting as a competitive inhibitor of haem oxygenase, the key enzyme of the haem degradation pathway. However, it has been reported... 

The ISO protocol for the biochemical response EROD (ISO 23893-2/AWI) as a recent example of a bioanalytical (biomarker) [49,50] method standardised under ISO for fish needs harmonisation with the other test systems and between the laboratories (users) before implementation. Use of biomarkers (biochemical responses) in multi-arrays for environmental monitoring according to Hansen et al. [50] is complementary to chemical analysis since they can alert for the presence of ecotoxic compounds. Bringing into the WFD, the effect-related approaches concerning bioassays and biomarkers are only relevant in the context of the QN of environmental relevant substances and the good chemical status. But it is rather difficult to transfer the monitored biochemical responses or biomarkers into an operational effect-related standard. They serve as the basis for environmental protection against hazardous substances. In relation to... 

Table 5 Selected biochemical responses and diagnostic tools for assessment of the environmental biota health at the molecular level [50]...

The biosensors together with the effect-related parameters or biochemical responses for environmental monitoring are very complex, but they will give a clear picture of the health status of the investigated system. 

Primary biochemical responses mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors... 

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., A.P. Mukherji, and P.V. Dehadrai. 1982. Certain biochemical responses in the air-breathing catfish Clarias batrachus exposed to sublethal carbofuran. Toxicology 23 337-345. 

In vivo or in vitro biochemical responses such as enzyme induction and receptor binding. 

Eufemia, N.A., T.K. Collier, J.E. Stein, D.E. Watson, and R.T. Di Giulio. 1997. Biochemical responses to sediment-associated contaminants in brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosus) from the Niagara River ecosystem. Ecotoxicology 6 13-34. 

Gardner, C.R., Laskin, J.D., and Laskin, D.L., Distinct biochemical responses of hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells to platelet-activating factor during endotoxemia, J. Leukoc. Biol., 57, 269, 1995. 

Schmidt, R.J., and Chung, L.Y., Biochemical responses of skin to allergenic and non-al-lergenic nitrohalobenzenes Evidence that an NADPH-dependent reductase in skin may act as a prohapten-activating enzyme. Archives of Dermatology, 284, 400, 1992. 

Sedletska Y, Giraud-Panis MJ, Malinge JM (2005) Cisplatin is a DNA-damaging antitumour compound triggering multifactorial biochemical responses in cancer cells importance of apoptotic pathways. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 5(3) 251-265... 

Gupta, G.D., Misra, A., and Agarwal, D.K. Inhalation toxicity of furfural vapours an assessment of biochemical response in rats, J. Appl. Toxicol, ll(5) 343-347, 1991. 

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