Mitogen-activated protein kinase cellular mechanisms

Saldana SN, Barker EL (2004) Temperature and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine alter human serotonin transporter-mediated dopamine uptake. Neurosci Lett 354 209-212 Samuvel DJ, Jayanthi LD, Bhat NR, Ramamoorthy S (2005) A role for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the regulation of the serotonin transporter evidence for distinct cellular mechanisms involved in transporter surface expression. J Neurosci 25 29-41 Schmitz Y, Schmauss C, Sulzer D (2002) Altered dopamine release and uptake kinetics in mice lacking D2 receptors. J Neurosci 22 8002-8009... 

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions involve multi-molecular enzyme-substrate association. Therefore, even when the overall reaction is unimolecular, the enzyme mechanism is generally non-linear. If a system has more than one copy of the enzyme and a small number of the reactant molecules, then one needs the CME framework to represent the stochastic behavior of the system. Note that in cellular regulatory networks, the substrates themselves may be proteins that are present in small numbers of copies. Recall from Section 5.1, for example, that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) is the substrate of MAP kinase, and the MAPK is the substrate of MAPKK. 

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