Signal mitogen activated protein kinase

Functionally, the Dl-like receptors (Dl, D5) are coupled to the G protein Gas and thus can stimulate adenylyl cyclase. The D2-like receptors (D2, D3, and D4) couple to pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins (Gai/0), and consequently inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity. While the Dl-like receptors almost exclusively signal through Gas-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase, the D2-like receptors have been reported to modulate the activity of a plethora of signaling molecules and pathways. Many of these actions are mediated through the G(3y subunit. Some of these molecules and pathways include the calcium channels, potassium channels, sodium-hydrogen exchanger, arachidonic acid release, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. 

Knall C, Worthen GS, Johnson GL. Interleukin 8-stimulated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity regulates the migration of human neutrophils independent of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 94(7) 3052-3057. 

Del Como M, Liu QH, Schols D, et al. HIV-1 gpl20 and chemokine activation of Pyk2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases in primary macrophages mediated by calcium-dependent, pertussis toxin-insensitive chemokine receptor signaling. Blood 2001 98(10) 2909—2916. 

Mitogen-activated protein kinase since cloning, referred to as ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). 

Bode, A.M. and Dong, Z. 2003. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in UV-induced signal transduction. 

Pierce, R.C., Pierce-Bancroft, A.F., Prasad, B.M. Neurotrophin-3 contributes to the initiation of behavioral sensitization to cocaine by activating the Ras/Mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction cascade. J. Neurosci. 19 8685, 1999. 

The Ras pathway is shown here. Ras is a G-protein that couples signaling from growth factors. The activated receptor is a GNRP that increases the exchange of GDP for GTP and activates the G-protein. Ras GAP inactivates the G-protein. The downstream signal for activated Ras is eventually the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK). 

FIGURE 2 0-5 Activation of PLC-e by heterotrimeric (Gal2/i3, GI(Vy, GJ and small G protein (Ras, Rho and Rap) signaling pathways (see text for details). (Modified with permission from reference [11].) Note that Ras, activated via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, may also activate PLCe. For details of the MAPK pathways and abbreviations, see Chapter 24. 

CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase GRK, G protein receptor kinase JNK, Jun kinase MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase MEK, MAP kinase and ERK kinases RSK, ribosomal S6 kinase, GSK, glycogen synthase kinase SAPK, stress-activated protein kinase SEK, SAPK kinase. 

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