Mitogen-activated protein kinases MAPKs

Guyton, K. Z. Gorospe, M. Kensler, T. W. Holbrook, N. J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide implications for cellular survival and tumor promotion. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 3480-3485. 

FIGURE 2 0-5 Activation of PLC-e by heterotrimeric (Gal2/i3, GI(Vy, GJ and small G protein (Ras, Rho and Rap) signaling pathways (see text for details). (Modified with permission from reference [11].) Note that Ras, activated via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, may also activate PLCe. For details of the MAPK pathways and abbreviations, see Chapter 24. 

The catalytic activity of cPLA2 is stimulated by phosphorylation catalyzed by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at Ser505. This modification stimulates enzyme activity only, indicating that translocation and phosphorylation are independent mechanisms of cPLA2 regulation [21]. 

What are the mechanisms by which trichothecenes exert their transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects The 60S ribosomal subunit is a well-known molecular target of trichothecenes in leukocytes and other actively proliferating eukaryotic cells,3 whereas attempts to demonstrate alternative receptors have not been successful.37 38 Translational inhibitors that bind to ribosomes rapidly activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and apoptosis via a mechanism termed the ribotoxic stress response. 39-40... 

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