Mitogen-activated protein kinase growth factor receptor signaling

The Ras pathway is shown here. Ras is a G-protein that couples signaling from growth factors. The activated receptor is a GNRP that increases the exchange of GDP for GTP and activates the G-protein. Ras GAP inactivates the G-protein. The downstream signal for activated Ras is eventually the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK). 

Cowing, B.E. and Saker, K.E., Polyunsaturated fatty acids and epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in mammary cancer, J. Nutr., 131, 1125, 2001. 

On the other hand, there are cases for which well-defined AR subtypes have been found to activate signaling pathways that would not normally be expected to be activated by that receptor. For example, although mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were primarily thought to be activated by growth factor receptors with intrinisic tyrosine kinase activity (8), it quickly became clear that many GPCRs could also activate these pathways (9). Subsequently, it has been found that ar (10), 0 - (11), and (3- (12) ARs all activate MAPKs in a... 

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