Mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway

Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Azizuddin K, Mukhtar H. 2001. Inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol (—)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 176 110-117. 

Singh, S. et al., Molecular profiles of mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways in orofacial development birth defects, Res. Clin. Mol. Teratol., 79, 35, 2007. 

Zhu Y, Hon T, Ye W, Zhang L. Heme deficiency interferes with the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and expression of a subset of neuronal genes. Cell Growth Differ. 2002 13 431-439. 

Hawes BE, LUTTRELL LM, van BBESEN T, LEFKOWITZ RJ. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is an early intennediate in (he GPy-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway. JBiol Chem 271 12133-12136,1996. 

Lechner J and PfallerW. Interferon alpha2b increases paracellular permeability of renal proximal tubular LLC-PKl cells via a mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Ren Fail 23 573-588,2001. 

Destabilization of raf-1 by geldanamycin leads to disruption of the Raf-1-MEK-mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway.Mo/. CellBiol. 16 5839—45... 

Carrington, T., and G. Johnson. 1999. Organization and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Cure. Opin. Cell Biol. 11 211-218. 

Z. Assefa, A. Vantieghem, W. Declercq, P. Vandenabeele, J.R. Vandenheede, W. Merlevede, P. de Witte, P. Agostinis (1999). The activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways protects HeLa cells from apoptosis following photodynamic therapy with hypericin. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 8788-8796. 

Wang, X. et al.. The cellular response to oxidative stress influences of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways on cell survival, Biochem. J., 333 (R. 2), 291,1998. 

Liu, Y., Martindale, J.L., Gorospe, M., and Holbrook, N.J., Regulation of p21 WAFl/CIPl expression through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Cancer Res., 56, 31-35, 1996. 

As mentioned above, l-DOPA treatment of PD often causes debilitating involuntary movements, termed L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia which in rodent is called as abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs). AIMs involve the activation of the Ras extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERKl/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Lovastatin, a specific inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, prevents Ras isoprenylation activity and subsequently phosphorylation of ERKl/2 (pERKl/2) (Schuster et al., 2008). It is suggested that lovastatin treatment before l-DOPA exposure reduces AIM incidence and severity of PD in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model suggesting that lovastatin may represent... 

Ceramide-activated protein kinase (CAPK) is a proline-directed membrane-bound kinase capable of mediating the effects of ceramide on Rafl kinase in vitro. Kolesnick and co-workers have subsequently identified the kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR) as CAPK and a novel member of the Ras/Raf/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. Furthermore, it was suggested that ceramide activation of KSR could mediate the effects of TNFa on Rafl (Xing and Kolesnick, 2001). 

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