Viruses Hepatitis

A. Siddiqui, in G. Papaevangelou and W. Hennersu, eds., Developmental biological Studies of Standardisation in Immunophjlaxis of Infections hy Hepatic Viruses Vol. 54, S. Kaigei, Basel, 1983, p. 19. 

Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, et al Targeting behavioral therapies to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38 755-761, 2001 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendation for prevention and control of hepatitis (virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 47(RR19) l-39, 1998 Charney DS, Steinberg DE, Kleber HD, et al The clinical use of clonidine in abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38 1273-1277, 1981 Charney D S, Heninger OR, Kleber H D The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe, and effective treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Am J Psychiatry 143 831-837, 1986... 

Maga G, Gemma S, Fattorusso C et al. (2005) Specific targeting of hepatitis virus C NS3 helicase. Biochemistry 44 9637-9644... 

Eiedler M, Rodicker E, Salucci V, Lu M, Aurisicchio L, Dahmen U, Jun L, Dirsch O, Putzer BM, Palombo E, Roggendorf M (2004) Helper-dependent adenoviral vector-mediated delivery of woodchuck-specific genes for alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma IFN-alpha but not IFN-gamma reduces woodchuck hepatitis virus replication in chronic infection in vivo, J Virol 78 10111-10121... 

Zhu Y, CuUen JM, Aldrich CE, SaputelU J, MiUer D, Seeger C, Mason WS, JUbert AR (2004) Adenovirus-based gene therapy during clevudine treatment of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. Virology 327 26 0 zu Putlitz J, Wieland S, Blum HE, Wands JR (1998) Antisense RNA complementary to hepatitis B virus specifically inhibits viral replication. Gastroenterology 115 702-713... 

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can result from toxin-induced liver dysfunction such as that caused by chloroform, arsphenamines, carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, hepatitis virus, cirrhosis, and Amanita... 

EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyehtis, MHVmmmt hepatitis virus, LCMVlymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, MS multiple sclerosis, IWWWest Nile virus, TBEVtick-borne encephalitis virus... 

Hepatitis viruses Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Spherical enveloped particle 42 nm in diameter enclosing an inner icosahedral 27-nm nucleocapsid In areas such as South-East Asia and Africa, most children are infected by perinatal transmission. In the Western world the virus is spread through contact with contaminated blood or by sexual intercourse. There is strong evidence that chronic infections with HBV can progress to liver cancer... 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

Chimeric TMV particles containing the 5B19 epitope from the spike protein of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) fused near the C-terminus of TMV coat protein subunits were used to immunize mice intranasally (three doses per week for ten weeks) [46]. High IgG titers and moderate IgA titers specific to the peptide could be de-... 

Murine hepatitis virus Tobacco mosaic virus Mice developed serum IgG and IgA specific for Protective in mice immunized parenterally 105... 

Biopharmaceutical products are also subjected to screening for the presence of viral particles prior to final product release. Although viruses could be introduced, for example, via infected personnel during downstream processing, proper implementation of GMP minimizes such risk. Any viral particles found in the finished product are most likely derived from raw material sources. Examples could include HIV or hepatitis viruses present in blood used in the manufacture of blood products. Such raw materials must be screened before processing for the presence of likely viral contaminants. 

Associated with the administration of blood or blood products is the risk of accidental transmission of infectious agents such as hepatitis viruses or HIV. The prevention of accidental pathogen transmission relies upon ... 

Friend, M. and Trainer, D.O., Polychlorinated biphenyl interaction with duck hepatitis virus, Science, 170, 1314, 1970... 

In one of the founding studies in immunotoxicology, Friend and Trainer [77] demonstrated that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) increased mortality of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings challenged with duck hepatitis virus. Since then the field of avian immunotoxicology has expanded to show that both the structure and function of the avian immune system often is affected by a diverse array of environmental contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and organic industrial chemicals. Wild birds have proven to be excellent sentinel species for assess-... 

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 3 135, 137-138 anitiviral therapy, 3 161-164 infection process, 3 159-161 Hepatitis infection, immunoglobulin-transmitted, 12 139 Hepatitis viruses, 12 153 Hepatotoxic agents, exposure to, 23 118-119... 

Over the past years, synthetic base-modified nucleosides and nucleotides have displayed important impact in diverse fields. Their biological properties have found application as antiviral tools against hepatitis virus (HBV), herpes virus (VZV) and human immunodeficiency (HIV).94,95,136 Many of those compounds exhibit antiproliferative, antibiotic and antifungal activities and some have been used as probes for DNA damages96,97,137 as well as in the anti-sense approach and DNA-probe technology with fluorescence properties.99... 

BSL 1 Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized microorganisms not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adults, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment. Safety equipment none required. Microorganisms include Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi, and infectious canine hepatitis virus. 

Eingerote RJ, Abecassis M, Phillips MJ, et al. Loss of resistance to murine hepatitis virus strain 3 infection after treatment with corticosteroids is associated with induction of macrophage procoagulant activity. J Virol 1996 70 4275 282. 

Because 1,4-dichlorobenzene is a liver toxin, it probably can interact with other chemicals that are liver toxicants. These toxicants are many, and include ethanol, halogenated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc ), benzene, and other haloalkanes and haloalkenes. In addition, 1,4-dichlorobenzene toxicity may also be exacerbated by concurrent exposure with acetaminophen, heavy metals (copper, iron, arsenic), aflatoxins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (from some types of plants), high levels of vitamin A, and hepatitis viruses. Such interactions could either be additive or S5mergistic effects. 

Vaccines made with recombinant proteins marshal an immune response to specific viruses to treat or prevent disease. Vaccines to prevent infection with the liver-damaging hepatitis viruses (Twinrix , Recombivax HB , and Engerix-B ) include a recombinant version of a hepatitis virus B protein. Recombinant hepatitis B protein is also included in some combination vaccines given to children. Comvax also includes a recombinant flu virus protein. 

Because woodchuck hepatitis virus is similar to human hepatitis B, that rodent is a good animal model for the infection. McKenzie et al. followed the development in woodchucks of hepatocellular carcinoma arising from the infection over 6 months using P 2D MRSI. They attributed the increased ratio of PME/(3-NTP to increased cellular proliferation of the liver tumour. 

Plant cell culture has been used extensively for the production of biopharmaceuticals. A few examples are illustrated here, and a more extensive list can be found in Table 6.4. Smith et al. (2002) employed both soybean and tobacco cell lines to produce a hepatitis virus surface antigen (HBsAg), to be used as a vaccine, in shaker flask cultures. The authors found that the titers of HBsAg in soybean cell culture were 65 pg/g fresh weight, and 10-fold lower in tobacco cell culture, resulting in productivities of 1 mg/L/d and 0.16 mg/L/d, respectively. These numbers correspond well with those found for yeast batch cultures (1.5 mg/L/d). 

Injecting drugs of abuse presents special hazards. Transmission of the AIDS or hepatitis virus occurs often by using dirty needles, that is, needles with another user s blood on them. Also, many drugs contain other substances such as adulterants or... 

Greenberg in 1976 [6] was the first to report that interferon has activity against a hepatitis virus. Four patients with chronic hepatitis B received short courses of low-dose interferon (6 x 10 to 17 x 10" units per kilogram per day). Three of the four patients demonstrated a reduction in viral replication, and two appeared to have permanently lost hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). Unfortunately, the hmited production and purity of the Cantell interferon did not allow for continuation of these experiments. Based on current treatment recommendations, the entire production of Cantell interferon in 1980 would have allowed treatment of only about 200 to 250 patients with hepatitis B or C. 

Talbot, P.V., Knobler, R.L., and Buchmeier, M. 1984. Western and dot immunoblotting analysis of viral antigens and antibodies Application to murine hepatitis virus. J. Immunol. Methods 73 177-188. 

Unfortunately, the potential danger of transmitting blood-borne pathogens (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis viruses) associated with the injection... 

Donello, J.E., Loeb, J.E. and Hope, T.J. (1998) Woodchuck hepatitis virus contains a tripartite postranscriptional regulatory element. J. Virol, 72, 5085-5092. 

Infection by human hepatitis B or C virus is a major risk factor for the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Brechot, et al., 2000, Colombo, et al., 2003). Although they act via different mechanisms, both viruses directly influence the control of Ca2+ homeostasis in human hepatocytes. One of the proteins encoded by the HBV genome, the hepatitis virus X protein... 

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