Pathogen transmission

Associated with the administration of blood or blood products is the risk of accidental transmission of infectious agents such as hepatitis viruses or HIV. The prevention of accidental pathogen transmission relies upon ... 

Current evolutionary theorists mostly agree upon the role of pathogens as a significant driving force in evolution. In social animals it is of particular relevance to monitor health status of potential social or sexual partners. Closer contact with infected conspecifics may promote pathogen transmission and, in the case of sexual partners, susceptibility to infection or an inherited deficiency that can deteriorate offspring viability. It is well documented in many animal species that olfaction is used to monitor health status in mate choice. For instance mice can discriminate between parasitized and non-infected individuals (Kavaliers and Colwell 1995). 

Carter, M. J. (2005). Enterically infecting viruses Pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98,1354 1380. 

In general, processes capable of inactivating viral or other pathogens (e.g. heat or chemical treatment) may not be applied to whole blood or most blood-derived products. Thus, for whole blood at least, effective screening of donations is exclusively relied upon to prevent pathogen transmission. Many of the processing techniques used to derive blood products from whole blood (e.g. precipitation, but especially chromatographic purification) can be effective in... 

Overall, while organic production methods may superficially appear to comprise more risks for pathogen transmission from farm animals to humans than conventional farms, the evidence indicates the opposite trend, although not complete safety. And if bad luck strikes, pathogens from organic animals are more susceptible to antibiotics and are thus easier to eliminate from patients. 

Second-generation recombinant factor VIII products, which contain lower amounts of human albumin, and third-generation products, which are free of human proteins and thereby carry a lower risk of pathogen transmission, are on the market. 

Hazard is the potential danger associated with a particular virus, and risk is the probability that the hazard will be expressed as an exposure with the possibility of infection. Containment refers to the control measures used to reduce the possibility of exposure. Some authorities categorize viruses according to hazard (4,5), whereas others have drawn up a classification based on risk, which includes such factors as pathogenicity, transmissibility, prophylaxis, and therapeutic measures (6). 

As advances in hemostatic efficacy were achieved, much of the focus in hemophilia therapy and research shifted to safety and, in particular, to the issues of blood-borne pathogen transmission and FVIII inhibitor development [5, 6]. 

Recombinant FVIII concentrates offer the advantage of lower risk for blood-borne pathogen transmission, reduced impact on the immune system and supply that is independent of plasma availability. However, all first- and next-generation rFVIII concentrates used either human-derived or animal-derived additives at some point of processing [12]. Despite the excellent safety record of rFVIII therapeutics in general, concerns remain within the hemophi-... 

X Jiang, X Dai, S Goldblatt, C Buescher, TM Cusack, DO Matson, LK Pickering. Pathogen transmission in child care setting studies by using a cauliflower virus DNA as a surrogate marker. J Infect Dis 177 881-888, 1998. 

The tick life cycle is comprised of three developmental st larvae, nymph and adult. Tick larvae can acquire bacteria from infected hosts and subsequently transmit them to mammals once they molt to nymphs. During the nymph stage, I. scaptdaris preferentially feeds on small wild rodents, where transmission of vector-borne pathogens to the mammalian host is most efficient. The adult tick attaches and feeds on medium to large mammals including humans and can also contribute to pathogen transmission. ... 

Much research has been completed regarding the activity that the tick salivary protein, Salp 15 exerts on naive T-cells during their activation and its potential therapeutic uses. Further work needs to be done to refine the uses of this sahvary ant en during tick feeding, pathogen transmission and the treatment of conditions that course with the activation of naive T-cells. 

Wikel SK. Tick modulation of host immunity an important factor in pathogen transmission. Int J Parasitol 1999 29(6) 851-859. 

Nanofibrous Matrix. Collagen (qv) is a major natural extracellular matrix component and possesses a fibrous structure with fiber bimdles varying in diameter from 50 to 500 nm (62,114). To mimic the nanofibrous architecture of collagen and to overcome the concerns over materials from a natural source such as pathogen transmission and immune rejection, a novel phase separation technique has been developed in our laboratory to fabricate nanofibrous matrices from synthetic biodegradable polymers (112). For example, PLLA solutions are cooled to induce phase separation and gelation. The solvent is directly sublimated or first exchanged with a different solvent and then sublimated. Several solvents and solvent mixtures have been utilized to fabricate the desired nanofibrous matrices in our laboratory (Fig. 13) (112). 

Natural polymers can be defined as polymers derived from natural sources. Polymers of natural origin are biologically recognizable materials that present all natural moieties necessary for proper cell and protein interactions. However, natural polymers also have some limitations such as limited availability because they are derived from finite namral sources, immunogenicity, and the risk of pathogen transmission. 

Lefcort, H. S.M. Eiger. 1993. Antipredatory behaviour of feverish tadpoles implications for pathogen transmission. Behaviour 126 13-27. 

New Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents to Augment Chemical pesticides Novel Strategies to Interrupt Pathogen Transmission... 

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