Hepatitis A virus

Active immunization of individuals 2 months of age and older against disease caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV)... 

Viral hepatitis Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis E virus... 

Some of the pathogens in Table 2, infect only humans (e.g., Vibrio cholerae. Salmonella typhi. Shigella dysenteriae, poliovirus, hepatitis A virus), whereas others, known as zoonotic, infect both humans and animals Salmonella no thypi. Shigella no dysenteriae, Campylobacter, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli such as for example the biotype 0157 H7, Cryptosporidium, etc.). The control of those that only infect humans is easier than the control of the zoonotic ones. Thus, some of them (S, typhi, S. dysenteriae, poliovirus, etc.) have practically been eradicated in many developed countries, whereas the eradication, and even the control below certain levels, of the zoonotic ones is a very difficult task. 

Structural analysis of the rhinovirus and the hepatitis A virus 3C proteases (Allaire et al. 1994 Matthews et al. 1994) confirmed earlier predictions that the picomavirus 3C proteases are similar to chymotrypsin-Uke serine proteases in their fold. An important difference is that the serine nucleophile of serine proteases is replaced with a cysteine however, the 3C protease is stracturally distinct from the eukaryotic cysteine protease class of enzymes. 

Despite the availability of an effective HBV vaccine, the virus is still a major health problem with approximately 350 million persons infected worldwide. Hepatitis an infection of the liver that is caused by a variety of RNA viruses (hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus). RNAi has been used to inhibit HBV replication both in vitro and in vivo (Carmona et al. 2006 Ely et al. 2008 Hamasaki et al. 2003 Klein et al. 2003 Konishi et al. 2003 Weinberg et al. 2007 Ying et al. 2003). HBV is a member of the Hepadnaviridae and its genome is a 3.2-kb double-stranded circular DNA. Synthetic siRNAs and shRNA expression constructs showed potent inhibition of HBV replication in mice (Chen et al. 2005, 2007 GUadi et al. 2003 McCaffrey et al. 2003 Morrissey et al. 2005b Shin et al. 2006 Wu et al. 2005b ... 

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Naked icosahedra 27 nm in diameter Responsible for infectious hepatitis spread by the oro-faecal route especially in children. Also associated with sewage contamination of food or water supplies... 

Hepatitis At Human diploid cells infected with hepatitis A virus 1 Separation of virus from cells 2 Inactivation with HCHO 3 Adsorption toAI(OH)3gel Assay of antigen content by ELISA Inoculation of cell cultures to exclude presence of live virus... 

Fino, V. R. and Kniel, K. E. (2008). UV light inactivation of hepatitis A virus, Aichi virus, and feline calicivirus on strawberries, green onions, and lettuce. /. Food Prot. 71, 908-913. 

Hewitt, J., Rivera-Aban, M., and Greening, G. E. (2009). Evaluation of murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus and hepatitis A virus in heat inactivation studies. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107, 65-71. 

Solomon, E. B., Fino, V., Wei, J., and Kniel, K. E. (2009). Comparative susceptibilities of hepatitis A virus, feline calicivirus, bacteriophage MS2 and bacteriophage PhiX-174 to inactivation by quaternary ammonium and oxidative disinfectants. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33, 288-289. 

Good personal hygiene and proper disposal of sanitary waste are required to prevent the fecal-oral transmission of the hepatitis A virus. 

The hepatitis A virus is primarily detected in contaminated feces and infects people via the fecal-oral route. Outbreaks occur primarily in areas of poor sanitation.1,4 Individuals at greatest risk of acquiring HAV are listed in Table 21—1. Approximately 50% of the reported cases have no identifiable risk factors.1... 

The risk of infection may be decreased by 90% if IGIM is given within 2 weeks of being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. IGIM may still be beneficial if it is given more than 2 weeks after exposure to a known case of HAV, as it may decrease the severity of hepatic damage.1,5... 

Hepatitis A virus continues to be a frequent cause of illness despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine. Hepatitis A... 

Borman, A. M., and Kean, K. M. (1997). Intact eukaryotic initiation factor 4G is required for hepatitis A virus internal initiation of translation. Virology 237, 129-136. 

Hepatitis A vaccine exemplifies vaccine preparations containing inactivated viral particles. It consists of a formaldehyde-inactivated preparation of the HM 175 strain of hepatitis A virus. Viral particles are normally propagated initially in human fibroblasts. 

Positive serum immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis A virus. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae Hepatitis B virus Influenza virus Hepatitis A virus... 

All susceptible (anti-hepatitis A virus-negative) patients at increased risk for hepatitis A infection (e.g., illegal drug users, men who have sex with men, hemophiliacs) or patients with chronic liver disease including chronic hepatitis B or C... 

Occupational indications Persons working with hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected primates or with HAV in a research laboratory... 

Examples of killed or inactivated vaccines are cholera vaccine containing dead strains of Vibrio cholerae, hepatitis A vaccine with inactivated hepatitis A virus, pertussis vaccine with killed strains of Bordetella pertussis, typhoid vaccine with killed Salmonella typhi, and influenza vaccine with various strains of inactivated influenza viruses (see Exhibit 4.2 for a discussion of influenza viruses and vaccines and Exhibit 4.3 on avian influenza H5N1). 

Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L, et al Cross-sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus. BMJ 1997 314 999-1003. 

Mclntire JJ, Umetsu SE, Macaubas C, Hoyte EG, Cinnioglu C, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Barsh GS, Hallmayer JF, Underhill PA, Risch NJ, Freeman GJ, DelG uyfF RH, Umetsu DT Immunology hepatitis A virus link to atopic disease. Nature 2003 425 576. 

Twinrix is a vaccine combining hepatitis A virus units and hepatitis B surface antigen, thereby protecting against hepatitis A and B. 

Twinrix inactivated hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B surface antigen... 

Hepatitis A vaccine (Formaldehyde)-inactivated hepatitis A virus Active immunization against hepatitis A... 

Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis (ususally mild, rarely chronic)... 

Hepatitis A is one of the most widespread infectious diseases worldwide. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus and is common in places with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. The virus attacks the liver and causes varying degrees of illness in patients. 

The hepatitis A virus is excreted in the faeces. Direct contact with an infected person s faeces or indirect contamination of food, water, hands and cooking utensils may result in the virus being ingested, causing infection. 

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