Hepatitis B Virus HBV

HBsAg was the first viral antigen to be produced in transgenic plants. The protein self-assembles into subviral mammalian particles of 22 nm, and is virtually indistinguishable from serum-derived and yeast-derived HBsAg in both infected sera as well as commercial vaccines with respect to size, density sedimentation, and immunogenicity. 

Biopharmaceuticals in Plants Toward the Next Century of Medicine 

In addition to this, virus-like particles have been generated that contain a form of HBsAg that has been modified at the N-terminus so that it can be utilized to present T- and B-cell epitopes. The fact that the VLPs remained intact suggests that this alteration did not negatively affect the antigenic properties of the protein and that a multivalent response could be made possible. 

IgG responses in mice, suggesting that this VLP composed of HBsAg is an excellent system for epitope presentation and mucosal delivery. 

---

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatocellular carcinoma Progenomic RNA Inhibition of viral gene expression... 

Successful treatment with IFN-a also includes patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Despite the availability of an efficient vaccine, chronic... 

In this chapter we describe the current insights into the evolution of viruses under pressure of antiviral therapy and the potential impact on viral fimess. As most recent work in this field has been done in the field of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we use the evolution of this virus as the basis for the chapter. Subsequently, we describe resistance evolution for Hepatitis B virus (HBV), where large progress has been made in recent years. Furthermore, we describe the resistance development for Hepatitis C virus (HCV), for which a very active drug development program is undertaken by several pharmaceutical companies. Finally, we discuss resistance evolution for Influenza. 

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome is one of the smallest viral genomes (approximately 3,200 base pairs) and encodes only one viral enzyme, namely the HBV reverse transcriptase (RT). Like the HIV RT, the HBV RT is an error-prone enzyme lacking proofreading activity. In combination with a high virus production, this results in an HBV quasispecies. 

Hepatitis viruses Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Spherical enveloped particle 42 nm in diameter enclosing an inner icosahedral 27-nm nucleocapsid In areas such as South-East Asia and Africa, most children are infected by perinatal transmission. In the Western world the virus is spread through contact with contaminated blood or by sexual intercourse. There is strong evidence that chronic infections with HBV can progress to liver cancer... 

Table 10.4 Chemical disinfection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Adapted from ACDP (1990) and Anon (1991)...

Probes that hybridize to the target and also to either preamplifier or amplifier molecules are termed label extenders. The locations of the capture and label extender probes used in the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV-1 assays are shown in Figs. 3,4, and 5, respectively. All target probes are designed to hybridize to the most conserved regions of the genomes. For HBV, the... 

The antiviral activity spectrum of the ddN analogues should, in principle, extend to all retroviruses as well as hepadnaviruses [i.e., hepatitis B virus (HBV)], since HBV, like retroviruses, replicates through an RNA template-driven RT process. Indeed, various ddN analogues (particularly, the L-enantiomeric forms 3TC, FTC, and L-DDC) have been shown to inhibit HBV replication [36-38]. Consequently, 3TC is, at present, pursued as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of both HIV and HBV infections. 

FIGURE 25-2. Suggested treatment algorithm for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (Data from Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SB, et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States An update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 4 936-962.)... 

HAZOP form, 73 157, 160 H-Beta zeolite, nitration using, 5 333 HB-LED market, 72 348 HBV. See Hepatitis B virus (HBV)... 

Heparitin sulfate, 4 706 Hepatitis A vaccine, 25 492-493 Hepatitis B vaccine, 25 491 from yeast, 26 487 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 3 135 antiviral therapy, 3 154-159 infection process, 3 153-154 Hepatitis B virus detection, method for, 14 153-154... 

Lamivudine (also known as Epivir and 3TC) is a potent antiviral drug used in the treatment of HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Although both enantiomers are equipotent antiviral agents, the unnatural enantiomer (with respect to natural nucleosides) is far less cytotoxic, and so a method of selectively accessing the single enantiomer was required. 

Murakami Y, Saigo K, Takashima H, Minami M, Okanoue T, Brechot C et al (2005). Large scaled analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integration in HBV related hepatocellular carcinomas. Guf 54 1162-1168. 

Examples of other antiviral fiavonoids isolated from medicinal plants also included luteolin-7-O-glucoside isolated from Youngia japonica (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), ° and three new fiavones named 5-carboxymethyl-4, 7-dihydroxyfiavone, its ethyl ester and butyl ester isolated from Selaginella moellendorjfii Hieron (Selaginellaceae), which displayed inhibitory activity in vitro on hepatitis B virus (HBV). ... 

Chronic hepatitis B For the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevations in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease. 

Tenofovir is not indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and the safety and efficacy of tenofovir have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HBV and HIV and have discontinued tenofovir. Closely monitor hepatic function with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who discontinue tenofovir and are coinfected with HBV and HIV. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted. 

Pharmacology Lamivudine is a synthetic nucleoside analog with activity against HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Lamivudine is phosphorylated intracellularly to lamivudine 5 -triphosphate (L-TP). Incorporation of the monophosphate form into viral DMA by HBV polymerase results in DMA chain termination. L-TP also inhibits the RNA- and DNA-dependent DMA polymerase activities of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 

Posttreatment exacerbation of hepatitis Patients with HIV should be tested for the presence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) before initiating antiretroviral therapy. Patients coinfected with HIV and HBV should be closely monitored for at least several months after stopping treatment. 

Emtricitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, launched for the treatment of HIV infection. It is also currently in phase III for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (Fig. 35) [98]. 

Tenofovir is not indicated for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Safety and efficacy have not been established in patients with HBV and HIV. Severe acute exacerbation of HBV infection has been reported in co-infected patients. 

Hepatitis B is a worldwide disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV primarily affects the liver inducing an inflammatory reaction that destroys liver cells and often hinders liver function. The consequences of infection are variable and unpredictable. They depend on the age and immunity status of the patient. 

---