Laboratory personnel

Overheads (e.g., safety services, laboratories, personnel facilities, administrative services, etc.)... 

Operators are primarily concerned with stable operation and may be leeiy of altering the operation they may fear that operation will drift into a region that cannot be controlled. Supervision may be reluc tant despite their recognizing that a problem exists Any deficiencies with the operation or operating decisions is their responsibility. Permission for conducting the test from the supervisor and the operators will be required. Management cooperation will be required particularly if capital is ultimately needed. Maintenance will be called upon to make modifications to sample locations and perform a sequential pressure measurement. The laboratory personnel, discussed in detail in the next subsection, may view the unit test as an overload to available resources. These concerns must be addressed to ensure accurate sample interpretation. 

The second section of the spreadsheet contains the overall flows, the calculated component flows, and the material balance closure of each. The weighted nonclosure can be calculated using the random error calculated above, and a constraint test can be done with each component constraint if desired. Whether the measurement test is done or not, the nonclosure of the material balance for each component gives an indication of the validity of the overall flows and the compositions. If particiilar components are found to have significant constraint error, discussions with laboratory personnel about sampling and analysis and with instrument personnel about flow-measurement errors can take place before any extensive computations begin. 

In addition to the plant workers, others may benefit from some special training related to the toll. It may be advantageous or required to consider laboratory personnel, technical support staff, management and others when planning training. Again, the contract may be the way to define this and document responsibility. 

Clarifying Filters - Usually cartridge-type or bag filters designed to remove small amounts of particles from a solution. Laboratory personnel typically use these types of filters. These types of filters are also used for 0.2 micron terminal sterilization. 

DIARRHEA AND DEFICIENT FLUID VOLUME The nurse records the number, character, and color of stools passed. Daily stool specimens may be ordered to be sent to die laboratory for examination. The nurse immediately delivers all stool specimens saved for examination to die laboratory because the organisms die (and therefore cannot be seen microscopically) when die specimen cools. The nurse should inform laboratory personnel diat the patient has amebiasis because die specimen must be kept at or near body temperature until examined under a microscope... 

The nurse must apply prolonged pressure to needle or cadieter sites after venipuncture, removal of central or peripheral IV lines, and IM and SC injections. Laboratory personnel or tiiose responsible for drawing blood for laboratory tests are made aware of anticoagulant tiierapy because prolonged pressure on die venipuncture site is necessary. All laboratory requests require a notation stating die patient is receiving anticoagulant tiierapy. 

The quality control unit in a cosmetics company supervised the processing of the weekly batch of shampoo by determining, among other parameters, the viscosity and the dry residue. Control charts showed nothing spectacular. (See Fig. 4.10, top.) The cusum charts were just as uneventful, except for that displaying the dry residue (Fig. 4.10, middle and bottom) The change in trend in the middle of the chart was unmistakable. Since the analytical method was very simple and well-proven, no change in laboratory personnel had taken place in the period, and the calibration of the balances was done on a weekly basis, suspicions turned elsewhere. A first hypothesis,... 

TAetection of the highly potent impurity, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), necessitated an environmental assessment of the impact of this contaminate. Information was rapidly needed on movement, persistence, and plant uptake to determine whether low concentrations reaching plants, soils, and water posed any threat to man and his environment. Because of the extreme toxicity of TCDD, utmost precautions were taken to reduce or minimize the risk of exposure to laboratory personnel. Synthesis of uniformly labeled C-TCDD by Muelder and Shadoff (I) greatly facilitated TCDD detection in soil and plant experiments. For unlabeled experiments it seemed wise to use only small quantities of diluted solutions in situations where decontamination was feasible and to rely on the sensitivity afforded by electron capture gas chromatography... 

In another plant, the industrial laboratory was installed close to the processing area down a short flight of stairs. Before this location was chosen, possible hazards and environmental effects were studied. Here it took little over one minute to bring samples to the laboratory or for laboratory personnel to be on hand to investigate manufacturing problems. 

Procedures to follow in case of an earthquake or a fire should be posted and reviewed with laboratory personnel from time to time. 

Failure of water pressure can spell disaster in laboratories where some operations, such as distillations, are dependent on water. Ideally, an audible alarm would indicate the lack of water pressure. Laboratory supply houses sell water flow indicators that can be placed in series with the water line to equipment. When water is flowing, a brightly colored ball in a clear tube will move or a small propeller will turn. These can be observed from a considerable distance by watchful laboratory personnel. 

The simplest way to cope with such potential hazards is to develop a set of instructions about what to do in case of failures. These could be posted, preferably in a place where they can be read with the emergency light. As soon as a failure occurs, laboratory personnel should immediately turn off all affected equipment. In case of an electrical failure, attention should be paid to samples that may be giving off hazardous fumes from the hood. 

When the walls of a large laboratory were scheduled to be repainted, the laboratory personnel decided to do it themselves... 

A janitor surrounded by sensitive instruments may be like a bull in a china shop. In one laboratory, the janitors were not allowed to clean anything above floor level, including windows, without supervision by laboratory personnel. Janitors should not be allowed to handle containers of flammable or hazardous waste. Laboratory personnel should clear the floors completely when the janitor announces that it is time for floor waxing. 

An analytical laboratory receiving samples of products under development by a client will often become aware of what the client is working on. Secrecy is mandatory in such cases. In fact, having a secrecy agreement will usually be preferable. Both client and laboratory personnel will then be able to discuss the project freely among themselves. 

On the positive side, many cases can be found where laboratory personnel have installed and maintained equipment at the highest professional level and have even developed usefiil devices not commercially available. Their intimate knowledge of the equipment paid off in superior results from an inventive approach. 

If laboratory personnel are expected to perform repairs and maintenance, the proper tools must be available. This is particularly true in an educational laboratory, where stockroom personnel have a multitude of repair and maintenance jobs to perform. Only the highest quality tools should be purchased, as they will cost less in the long run. A cheap screwdriver, for instance, will soon begin to wear and damage screws that are hard to replace. It may even slip and cause injury. An almost right wrench will damage nuts beyond use. A cheap wire cutter may leave a few strands of wire uncut, an annoying and possibly hazardous condition. 

The company was a private label manufacturer of home maintenance and personal care products. Its laboratory would be involved with new product development, evaluation of raw materials, testing of competitive products, and quality control. Laboratory personnel would also be responsible for chemical safety in the plant and for proper waste disposal. 

As an example, consider the automation efforts for chemical laboratories in the last decades. Chemical laboratories of today are equipped with instruments that, in principle, can run automatically for 24 hours a day. This results in a higher productivity, since more samples can be analysed with an equal technical effort. Decisions about the analysis itself, how many and which samples must be analysed with what method or technique, etc., are still the responsibility of the laboratory personnel. Since experience can be incorporated into expert systems, they can provide significant benefits as decision-supporting tools. Therefore, the main ideas of expert systems and their development are explained in this chapter. More detailed information can be found in the numerous textbooks on expert systems [7-10]. 

The organizational meeting had several positive outcomes, which could have been reached in other ways only with difficulty. First, everyone involved realized that once the data collection and reporting process had been agreed, each laboratory would be expected to follow it, without modification. This realization was possible because the procedures to be used after the completion of the analyses were clearly explained, and the need for consistency in reporting was abundantly clear. Second, it was possible to reinforce the lines of communication and responsibility that everyone involved in the study was expected to observe. Third, the necessity for rapid communication of problems between study management and field and laboratory personnel was underscored. 

Three typhoid vaccines are available currently for use in the United States (1) an oral live-attenuated vaccine (Vivotif Berna-TM vaccine, Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute), (2) a parenteral heat-phenol-inactivated vaccine (Typhoid Vaccine, Wyeth-Ayerst), and (3) a parenteral capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi, Pasteur Merieux). Immunization is recommended only for travelers going to endemic areas such as Latin America, Asia, and Africa household contacts of a chronic carrier and laboratory personnel who frequently work with S. typhi.13... 

U.S. EPA s Method 909040 can be used to evaluate all geosynthetic materials used in liner and LCRSs currently being designed. Method 9090 is used to predict the effects of leachate under field conditions and has been verified with limited field data. The test is performed by immersing a geosynthetic in a chemical environment for 120 days at two different temperatures room and elevated temperature. Every 30 days, samples are removed and evaluated for changes in physical properties. Tests performed on FMLs are listed in Table 26.7. The results of any test should be cross-referenced to a second, corollary test to avoid errors due to the test itself or to the laboratory personnel. 

The labor may be slightly more, since more shutdowns and startups are required. The indirect labor-laboratory personnel, bosses, engineers-does not vary much with capacity. Assume labor costs increase 20% per lb. 

We are indebted to the laboratory personnel who have generated much of the data used to illustrate the concepts. They are A1 Hilgers, Bob Conradi, and Geri Sawada of P U and D. C. Kim, Ph.D., formerly of the University of Kansas. Our special appreciation goes to Sharon Kramer (P U) for her diligent technical assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. 

These systems must be designed so as to accommodate continual change. They should easily accommodate frequent changes in formulations and reactor hardware. They must be able to control complex operations involving simultaneous tasks. Contrasting with these requirements, the software must be easily maintained, operate reliably, and be easy to use by laboratory personnel. 

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