Injectable drugs

Bastos FI, Barcellos C, Lowndes CM, et al Co-infection with malaria and HIV in injecting drug users in Brazil a new challenge to public health Addiction... 

Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Friedman SR, et al Declining seroprevalence in a very large HIV epidemic injecting drug users in New York City, 1991-1996. Am J Public Health 88 1801-1806, 1998... 

DiChiara G, Imperato A Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 85 5274-5278, 1988 Dinwiddie SH, Cottier L, Compton W, et al Psychopathology and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users in and out of treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 43 1 — 11, 1996... 

O Neill K, Baker A, Cooke M, et al Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention for pregnant injecting drug users at risk for HIV infection. Addiction 91 1115— 1125, 1996... 

Filters for liquid filtration used in the manufacture, processing, or packing of injectable drug products 27... 

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. S. aureus and P-hemolytic streptococci are the most common causes of acute cellulitis in otherwise healthy hosts. Persons who are immunocompromised, have vascular insufficiency, or use injection drugs are at risk for polymicrobial cellulitis. 

Injection drug use also predisposes individuals to polymicrobial cellulitis. The antecubital region of the arm is usually the site of infection. S. aureus, the most common isolate, is frequently associated with abscess formation. Because some injection drug users lick their needles to clean them, antibiotics with anaerobic coverage should be used. Occasionally, Candida spp. are isolated, and the patient may require antifungal therapy.18... 

Injection drug use MSSA GAS Gram-negatives Anaerobes CA-MRSAd Amoxicillin-clavulanate 500 mg every 8 hours Fluoroquinolone + clindamycin 300 mg every 6 hours TMP-SMX DS 1-2 tabs every 12 hours + clindamycin 300 mg every 6 hours Ampicillin-sulbactam 3 g every 6 hours Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375 g every 6 hours Ceftriaxone 1 g daily + clindamycin 600 mg every 8 hours Ertapenem 1 g daily... 

Predisposition, predisposing heart condition or injection drug use Fever, temperature greater than 38°C... 

Sterility, freedom from pyrogens, and acceptably low level of extraneous particulate matter are critical quality attributes of all injectable products. Additional critical quality attributes depend on the clinical use of the product. For example, for IV, IM, and SC routes, isotonicity and physiological pH (7.4) are always desirable in order to minimize potential irritation upon injection. Other factors may preclude this, however. If the required dose of drug must be administered in a small volume, it may not be feasible to formulate an isotonic solution. Likewise, solubility or stability considerations may preclude formulation at physiological pH. This explains why formulation pH for injectable drugs varies from about pH 2 to about pH 11. 

Procedures that facilitate the characterization of extractables from elastomeric closures are important to both manufacturers of closures and injectable drug products... 

Intravenous (i.v.) solutions are commonly administered to patients in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and ambulances. They are used primarily to replace body fluids and to serve as a vehicle for injecting drugs into the body. The advantages of this pharmaceutical dosage form include the rapid onset of action, the ability to treat patients unable to take medication orally and the ability to administer a medication unavailable in any other dosage form. 

Schanker, L. S., Mitchell, E. W., Brown, R. A., Jr., Species comparison of drug absorption from the lung after aerosol inhalation or intratrachael injection, Drug Metab. Dispos. 1986,... 

Jeong B, Choi YK, Bae YH et al (1999) New biodegradable polymers for injectable drug delivery systems. J Control Release 62 109-114... 

HAV infection primarily occurs through transmission by the fecal-oral route, person-to-person, or by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The incidence of HAV correlates directly with low socioeconomic status, poor sanitary conditions, and overcrowding. Rates of HAV infection have increased among international travelers, injection drug users, and men who have sex with men. 

Transmission of HBV occurs sexually, parenterally, and perinatally. In the United States, transmission occurs predominantly through sexual contact or injection-drug use. International travel is also an important risk factor. 

Current or past injection drug use Coinfection with HIV... 

Recent immigrants (i.e., within the last 5 years) from high-prevalence countries Injection drug users... 

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