Specification genes

Biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of neuropeptides is much more complex and involves the multistep process of transcription of specific mRNA from specific genes, formation of a high molecular weight protein product by translation, post-translational processing of the protein precursor to allow for... 

Grunstein, M., and Hogness, D. S., 1975. Colony hybridization A specific method for the isolation of cloned DNAs tliat contain a specific gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 72 3961—3965. Article describing die colony hybridization technique for specific gene isolation. 

ASON are sequences of usually 17-30 bases of single-stranded DNA that hybridize to specific genes or their mRNA products by Watson-Crick base pairing and disrupt their function. In the case of AS-ODN (antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides) cellular RNAseH is able to bind to the DNA-RNA duplex and hydrolyze the RNA, resulting in increased transcript turnover. Modifications to the deoxy moiety at the 2 -sugar position prohibits RNAse H action. 

Transgenic animals are genetically engineered animals, which allow the functional assessment of specific genes or proteins in health and disease. 

More recent analysis of tissue specific gene deletions showed that the Cav1.2 channel is involved in a wide variety of function including hippocampal learning, insulin secretion, intestine and bladder motility. Further analysis will be required to unravel the functional significance of voltage-dependent calcium channels for specific cellular functions. 

HBV-based vectors efficiently target quiescent hepatocytes and HBV-specific promoter and enhancer elements allow hepatocyte specific gene expression (Protzer et al. 1999). In addition, a very favorable ratio of infectious to defective particles renders HBV-based vectors good candidates for liver-directed gene transfer. Improved HBV vectors, in which HBV gene expression was abolished (Untergasser and Protzer 2004), were used in chimpanzees to treat chronic HCV infection and did not show any toxicity (Shin et al. 2005). 

Eiedler M, Rodicker E, Salucci V, Lu M, Aurisicchio L, Dahmen U, Jun L, Dirsch O, Putzer BM, Palombo E, Roggendorf M (2004) Helper-dependent adenoviral vector-mediated delivery of woodchuck-specific genes for alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma IFN-alpha but not IFN-gamma reduces woodchuck hepatitis virus replication in chronic infection in vivo, J Virol 78 10111-10121... 

C. V, Douglas C.L., Jansen K., Lacy B.W., Cusack B., Richelson E. Specific gene blockade shows that peptide nucleic acids readily enter neuronal cells in vivo. FEBS Lett. 2000 421 280-284. 

The DNA sequence analysis of specific genes has allowed the recognition of a number of sequences important in gene transcription. From the large number of bacterial genes smdied it is possible to construct consensus models of transcription initiation and termination signals. 

The cis-acting elements that decrease or repress the expression of specific genes have also been identified. Because fewet of these elements have been smdied, it is not possible to fotmulate genetalizations about their mechanism of action—though again, as for gene activation, chromatin level covalent modifications of histones and other proteins by (repressor)-recruited multisubunit corepressors have been imphcated. 

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