Mortality, increased

Pseudomonas aeruginosa High mortality increasing resistance... 

Fed diets containing 50 mg pure (99%) PCP/kg ortechnical grade (86%) for 10-12 weeks Mice exposed to technical-grade PCP had enhanced tumor susceptibility (1.9 times) from transplanted tumors mortality increased 2.4 times over controls after sarcoma virus inoculation. Mice exposed to pure PCP showed no enhanced growth of reduced tumors, but developed splenic tumors 22% vs. none in controls (Kerkvliet etal. 1982)... 

The Million Women Study reported that current use of hormone therapy increased breast cancer risk and breast cancer mortality. Increased incidence was observed for estrogen only, estrogen plus progestogen, and for tibolone. 

There is evidence that the health and financial externalities of vaccination even extend to the unborn. Relative to other birth cohorts, those in utero during the 1918 flu pandemic demonstrate accelerated adult mortality, increased rates of physical disabihty, reduced educational attainment, lower income, and lower socioeconomic status (Almond 2003). This effect has not been incorporated into cost-effectiveness analyses. 

Rat. In a study previously reported in an abstract, four groups of 86 male and 86 female Sprague-Dawley rats, five weeks of age, were administered -butyl acrylate (purity, > 99.5% main impurities, butyl propionate and isobutyl acrylate) by whole-body inhalation at concentrations of 0, 15, 45 and 135 ppm (0, 86, 258 and 773 mg/m ) in air for 6 h per day on five days a week for 24 months. Interim kills were performed after 12 months (10 males and 10 females), 18 months (15 males and 15 females) and 24 months (10 males and 10 females). After a further six months, the study was terminated. No dose-related trend in mortality was observed. After 24 months of exposure, the mean cmnulative mortality w as approximately 20%. During the six-month post-exposure period, the cumulative mortality increased to approximately 45%. Exposure to -butyl acrylate vapour did not lead to an increased frequency of any tumour type in any organ that could be related to the test substance (Reininghaus et al., 1991). 

In a cohort study by Chen et al. (1996), a population of BFD patients from southwest Taiwan were compared to residents that were unaffected by this disease, but lived in the same area. The relative risk of IHD mortality increased with increasing arsenic-year exposure. These risks were adjusted for age, cigarette smoking, and other risk factors for IHD. 

Ethylparathion appeared to be more embryotoxic than teratogenic in mice, where a single (i.p.) dose (12mg/kg) on the 8th, 9th or 10th day p.c. produced 27 of in utero fetal deaths. If injections were given on days 12, 13 or 14 p.c., mortality Increased to 90%. 

Developmental effects were reported in one study in which female rats were treated orally during conception and pregnancy with approximately 18.3 mg barium/kg/day as barium carbonate (Tarasenko et al. 1977). Reported effects in offspring included increased mortality, increased leukocyte count, disturbances in liver function, and increased urinary excretion of hippuric acid. The later study is inadequate for evaluating developmental effects of oral barium exposure because of major study limitations. These limitations include a general lack of information provided by the authors regarding experimental methods, exposure conditions, and test results, and no information as to the number of animals tested, the purity of the test material, the statistical methods used, and whether or not controls were used. No other animal studies evaluating developmental effects were available. 

Developmental Effects. Little information is available regarding developmental effects in humans and/or animals following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to barium. One study reported reduced survival, underdevelopment, lowered weight, decreased lability of the peripheral nervous system, and various blood disorders in offspring of female rats exposed by intermediate inhalation to barium (Tarasenko et al. 1977). The same study also reportedly observed increased mortality, increased... 

UK studies report mortality rates for adult patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia ranging from 6% to 12%. Mortality increases to over 50% in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Parapneumonic effusions develop in up to half of patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia, requiring chest tube drainage it may be the cause of persisting pyrexia. Lung abscess is a relatively rare complication of community-acquired pneumonia, and metastatic infection such as meningitis, peritonitis, endocarditis and septic arthritis can occasionally develop. 

The chick, by virtue of the retained yolk, can survive for 3-4 days without food or water. This should never be a survival mechanism that is put to the test, but it does explain why at 3-4 days of age it is common to see an increased mortality. Chicks with low vitality, and especially those from young parent flocks, often appear to be active until this age and then account for a mortality increase. As a guide the first week s mortality should not exceed 1 % and ideally be no higher than 0.75%. The time spent obtaining ideal conditions for the chick in terms of temperature, food, water and freedom from draughts cannot be overstated, but in a chapter such as this it is not possible to cover the finer points of management practices. It is sufficient to say that the brooding temperature of 30-32°C can be achieved by LPG (low-pressure gas) canopy brooders, by infra-red lamps, or by heat mats similar to those used in pig creeps. Whichever system is selected, the... 

No evidence of a deferred, drug-induced mortality increase was seen when the experiences of the first 10 and remaining 16 follow-up years were examined separately. Of the lA categories of experimental chemicals studied, only two had an SMR exceeding unity during the last 16 follow-up years. One of these (cholinesterase reactivator, only) was clearly due to small numbers, one observed death with 0.8 deaths expected, while the other, A7 observed versus 39.7 expected deaths, was seen in the 1,719 volunteers who were not exposed to any of the chemicals, the no tesc group. We can state with 95-percent certainty that the true SMR for these men during the first 10 years falls between 0.69 and 1.36, while the limits for the last 16 years are 0.83 and 1.54, respectively. 

After leaving their mother, young female pandas are thought to wander some distance to find a territory in a different area. This behavior reduces inbreeding in panda populations. Pandas become sexually mature at 6-7 years of age, and probably live to about age 15 in the wild. The small number of young produced per female per year, plus the relatively late age of sexual maturity, means that population growth rates are low. This makes giant panda populations vulnerable to extinction if the rate of mortality increases. 

Sepsis is the most frequent cause of AKI in intensive care units [78,79]. Moreover, when sepsis is associated with AKI the mortality increases dramatically [78]. The incidence of AKI increases even further in patients with septic shock. Also, the use of nephrotoxins e.g. aminoglycosides,, amphotericin B in septic patients may precipitate or worsen the AKI. 

Hypertension, whether labile or fixed, borderline or definite, casual or basal, systolic or diastolic, at any age regardless of gender is the most common and a powerful contributor to atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease. Morbidity and mortality increase progressively with the degree of elevation of either systolic or diastolic pressure and pulse pressure, and no discernible critical value exists (see Chap. 13). Numerous trials have documented the reduction in risk associated with blood pressure lowering however, most of these studies show that mortality and morbidity reduction is a result of fewer strokes and... 

Reductions in elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol reduce coronary heast disease mortality and total mortality increasing HDL reduces coronary heart disease events as well. Aggressive treatment of hypercholesterolemia results in fewer patients progressing to myocardial infarction, angina, and stroke and reduces the need for interventions such as coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. 

As previously discussed under pharmacological predictors, fish oil was shown to be beneficial in the GlSSI-Prevenzione trial in reducing all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Increased omega-3 fatty acids are one component of the Mediterranean diet, which has the most substantial evidence for benefit in secondary prevention for patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. As reviewed by Parikh et al. (120), several studies have looked at either the addition of omega-3 fatty acids alone, or the institution of the Mediterranean diet in reducing cardiovascular endpoints in patients with established CHD. Perhaps the most impressive from the dietary standpoint was a follow-up of the Lyon Diet Heart study (121) which evaluated 605 post-MI survivors randomized to a Mediterranean-type diet versus a prudent Western-... 

Sepsis is the most frequent cause of ARF in intensive care units [53, 54]. Moreover, when sepsis is associated with ARF the mortality increases dramatically... 

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