Hydrocarbons petroleum

Petroleum is a naturally occurring oily, flammable liquid composed principally of hydrocarbons (50-98%) with the remainder consisting of organic compounds, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and traces of metal salts. Petroleum is usually found beneath the earth s surface and occasionally in pools above the surface. Unrefined petroleum is called crude oil. Petroleum is separated by distillation into the following four major fractions  

The hydrocarbon types found in petroleum are (i) paraffins, (ii) cycloparaffin (naphthenes or cyclohexanes), and (iii) aromatics. Paraffins range from methane to -hexacontane (C60H1225 a microcrystalline wax) of both straight- and branched-chain alkanes. Higher boiling fractions are high in saturated alkanes while commercial paraffin mainly consists of straight-chain 

Albaiges and Albrecht [107] propose that a series of petroleum hydrocarbons of geochemical significance (biological markers) such as Cai-C,  

Dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate, benzoyl butyl phthalate DIbutyl phthalate, bis(2-2 butoxyethoxy) methane, bis(2-ethyl-hexyl adipate) dioctylphthalate diisodecyl phthalate isomers, trichlorobenzane, biphenyl benzoate, butyl benzoate Phthalates 

Silylated alkyl phenols, alkyl phenyl ethoxylate Phenols, aromatic acids, eg pentachlorophenol, bisphenol, phthalic acid, trimesic acid, p-hydroxy-benzoic acid, vanilic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid 

Carboxylic acids, glycols, dihydroxybenzene Carboxylic acids 

Chloroanisoles, chloro-methylanisoles 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin 

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Detergents are made by, for example, treating petroleum hydrocarbons with sulphuric acid, yielding sulphonated products which are water soluble. These can also solubilise fats and oils since, like the stearate ion, they have an oil-miscible hydrocarbon chain and a water-soluble ionic end. The calcium salts of these substances, however, are soiu u-ic in water and, therefore, remove hardness without scum formation. 

E. E. Gilbert, The Chemistry of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Vol. Ill, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1955, Chapt. 58. 

In the wood rosin process, rosin is isolated from aged pine stumps that have been left in fields cleared for farming or lumbering operations. The stumps are cut and shredded to pieces the size of matchsticks. The wood chips are then extracted with an appropriate solvent, eg, aUphatic or aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons or ketones. The extract is fractionally separated into nonvolatile cmde rosin, volatile extractibles, and recovered solvent. The dark rosin is usually refined further to lighter-colored products using selective solvents or absorption. 

Butadiene. Although butadiene was produced in the United States in the eady 1920s, it was not until the start of Wodd War 11 that significant quantities were produced to meet the war effort. A number of processes were investigated as part of the American Synthetic Rubber Program. Catalytic dehydrogenation of / -butenes and / -butanes (Houdry process) and thermal cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons were chosen (12). 

In the lightening of petroleum hydrocarbon oil, esters of mercaptocarboxyhc acids can modify radical behavior during the distillation step (58). Thioesters of dialkanol and trialkanolamine have been found to be effective multihinctional antiwear additives for lubricants and fuels (59). Alkanolamine salts of dithiodipropionic acid [1119-62-6] are available as water-soluble extreme pressure additives in lubricants (60). 

R. N. Miller, "A Field-Scale Investigation of Enhanced Petroleum Hydrocarbon Biodegradation ia the Vadose Zone Combining Soil Venting as an Oxygen Source with Moisture and Nutrient Addition," doctoral dissertation submitted to the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,... 

M. W. Kemblowski and co-workers, "Fate and Transport of Residual Hydrocarbon in Ground Water A Case Study," Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, presented at the conference and exposition. National Water Well Association and American Petroleum Institute, Nov. 17—19, 1987. 

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND A NEW METHOD FOR ISOLATION OF TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS (TPH) FROM PLANTS WITH COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY (SILICA GEL AND ALUMINA) AND DETERMINATION WITH SPECTROFLUOROPHOTOMETRY... 

Laboratory of petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides, Pardisan Research Center, Department of the Environment (DOE), Tehran, Iran. 

The efficiencies of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) transfer into various solvents from plants by microwave enhanced process were extracted. 

With this mobile phase colour compounds and carotenoids separated with 15 ml of chloroform (first fraction) and the second fraction with 20ml chloroform contained total petroleum hydrocarbons. At the end Spectrofluorophotometry was employed for quantification of analytes. 

Zanker, Adam, Inorganic Gases in Petroleum, Hydrocarbon Processing, May 1977, p. 255. 

The presence (and concentration, if known) of corrosive materials, other than the typical concentrations of sulfur compounds in petroleum hydrocarbon streams. 

Carlson, T., Finding a Suitable Replacement for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Oil Muds, SPE paper 23062, 1992 American Assn, of Drilling Engineers New Advancements in Drilling Fluids Technology Conference, Houston, TX, 1992. 

Ozone 10/a n-Pentane 100/a Perchloroethylenc 2/a Perchloroethylene 10/b Perchloroethylenc 0.1/a Petroleum hydrocarbons 100/a... 

Whyte LG, L Bourbonniere, CW Greer (1997) Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by psychotrophic Pseudomonas strains possessing both alkane (alk) and naphthalene (nah) catabolic pathways. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3719-3723. 

Petroleum hydrocarbons are used as automotive fuels and as monomers for the production of a range of plastics. They provide the basis of the petrochemical industry and the halogenated derivatives, which are discussed in Part 2 of this chapter. 

PART 1 PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS REFINERY WASTE AND STRANDED OIL... 

There are several different situations in which petroleum hydrocarbons pose a threat that has attracted solution by bioremediation. These include (1) oil-refinery waste and contamination of the surrounding soil, (2) leakage from oil pipelines and underground storage tanks or basins, and (3) spillage of crude oil in the marine enviromnent after accidents at sea. 

Atlas RM (1981) Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons an environmental perspective Microbiol Revs 45 180-209. 

Bossert ID, GC Compeau (1995) Cleanup of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil. In Microbial transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals (Eds LY Young and CE Cerniglia), pp. 77-125. Wiley-Liss, New York. 

Most hydraulic fluid preparations start as chemical mixtures. For instance, there is a considerable area of overlap in the specific petroleum hydrocarbon chemicals contained in the mineral oil and polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids. For all classes of hydraulic fluids, there may be similarities with other original products intended for use as lubricants. The complications involved in documenting the environmental fate of mixtures increase under conditions encountered at many NPL sites, where it may be hard to determine the precise original product associated with chemicals identified at an area in need of remediation. In most instances, available peer-reviewed literature, supplemented with data obtained from manufacturers of particular formulations and information in trade magazines, can supply information about the original hydraulic fluid preparations. At NPL sites, site-specific evaluations of specific chemicals may be the only feasible way to address concerns over environmental fate and potential exposure risks. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Limited information about environmentally important physical and chemical properties is available for the mineral oil and water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid products and components is presented in Tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-7. Much of the available trade literature emphasizes properties desirable for the commercial end uses of the products as hydraulic fluids rather than the physical constants most useful in fate and transport analysis. Since the products are typically mixtures, the chief value of the trade literature is to identify specific chemical components, generally various petroleum hydrocarbons. Additional information on the properties of the various mineral oil formulations would make it easier to distinguish the toxicity and environmental effects and to trace the site contaminant s fate based on levels of distinguishing components. Improved information is especially needed on additives, some of which may be of more environmental and public health concern than the hydrocarbons that comprise the bulk of the mineral oil hydraulic fluids by weight. For the polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, basic physical and chemical properties related to assessing environmental fate and exposure risks are essentially unknown. Additional information for these types of hydraulic fluids is clearly needed. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. While very little information dealing explicitly with the food chain bioaccumulation of this category of hydraulic fluids is available, the principle petroleum hydrocarbon constituents do not appear to have a significant tendency for... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Very limited information is available concerning levels of these hydraulic fluids in environmental media. The only available study described concentrations at a spill site (Abdul et al. 1990). No other reports of mineral oil hydraulic fluid exposure levels in environmental media were found in the available literature. At NPL sites, it becomes difficult to decide which original products are associated with documentation of specific site contaminants. General research dealing with assessment techniques relevant to complex petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures would be helpful in deciding how to approach the environmental media exposure issues. 

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