Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV

Chemokines in Viral Infections, edited by Surendran Mahalingam. 2004 Eurekah.com and Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers. 

Virus Family Virus Name (ORF) Class of Chemokine or Receptor Function 

P Herpesviridae Human CMV US28 CCR3-CX3CR Chemokine 

Poxviridae Molluscum Contagiosum Virus MC148R CC chemokine Blocks neutrophil, monocyte and T cell chemotaxis induced by multiple CC and CXC chemokines, antagonist at CCR2 and CCR8, blocks human hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation 

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Ullum, H., Lepri, A. C., Victor, J., Aladdin, H., Phillips, A. N., Gerstoft, J., Skinhoj, P., and Pedersen, B. K. (1998). Production of beta-chemokines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection Evidence that high levels of macrophage in inflammatory protein-1-beta are asociated with a decreased risk of HIV progression. J. Infect. Dis. 177 331-336. 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (combined with other drugs)... 

AIDS After considerable research, the causative agent for AIDS was identified as a virus, which was eventually named the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). 

Craig JC, Duncan IB, Hockley D, Grief C, Roberts NA, Mills JS (1991) Antiviral properties of Ro 31-8959, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase. Antiviral Res 16 295-305... 

Jacobson JM, Lowy 1, Fletcher CV, O NeUl TJ, Tran DN, Ketas TJ, Trkola A, Klotman ME, Maddon PJ, Olson WC, Israel RJ (2000) Single-dose safety, pharmacology, and antiviral activity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 entry inhibitor PRO 542 in HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 182 326-329... 

In this chapter we describe the current insights into the evolution of viruses under pressure of antiviral therapy and the potential impact on viral fimess. As most recent work in this field has been done in the field of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we use the evolution of this virus as the basis for the chapter. Subsequently, we describe resistance evolution for Hepatitis B virus (HBV), where large progress has been made in recent years. Furthermore, we describe the resistance development for Hepatitis C virus (HCV), for which a very active drug development program is undertaken by several pharmaceutical companies. Finally, we discuss resistance evolution for Influenza. 

Moore DJ, Masliah E, Rippeth JD, Gonzalez R, Carey CL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ, Achim CL, Marcotte TD, Heaton RK, Grant I (2006) Cortical and subcortical neurodegeneration is associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment. Aids 20(6) 879-887 Nath A (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia. J Infect Dis 186(Suppl 2) S193-S198... 

Brengel-Pesce K, Innocenti-Francillard P, Morand P, Chanzy B, Seigneurin JM (1997) Transient infection of astrocytes with HIV-1 primary isolates derived from patients with and without AIDS dementia complex. J Neurovirol 3 449-454 Budka H, Costanzi G, Cristina S, Lechi A, Parravicini C, Trabattoni R, Vago L (1987) Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 75 185-198... 

Brew BJ (2003) The peripheral nerve complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Muscle Nerve 28(5) 542-552... 

Brodt HR, Kamps BS et al (1997) Changing incidence of AlDS-defining iUnesses in the era of antiretroviral combination therapy. AIDS 11(14) 1731-1738 Calabrese LH, Proffitt MR et al (1987) Acute infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with acute brachial neuritis and exanthematous rash. Ann Intern Med 107(6) 849-851... 

Hoschele D (2006) Cell culture models for the investigation of NRTI-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Relevance for the prediction of clinical toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 20(5) 535-546 Itescu S, Brancato LJ et al (1989) A sicca syndrome in HIV infection association with HLA-DR5 and CDS lymphocytosis. Lancet 2(8661) 466 68 Itescu S, Brancato LJ et al (1990) A diffuse infiltrative CDS lymphocytosis syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection a host immune response associated with HLA-DR5. Ann Intern Med 112(1) 3-10... 

Nath A (2002) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia. J Infect Dis 186(Suppl. 2) S193-198... 

O Donnell LA, Agrawal A, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Dichter MA, Lynch DR, Kolson DL (2006) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced neurotoxicity roles for the NMDA receptor subtypes. J Neurosci 26 981-990... 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Differs from other retroviruses in that the core is cone-shaped rather than icosahedral HIV is transmitted from person to person via blood or genital secretions. The principal target for the virus is the CD4+ T-lymphocyte cells. Depletion of these cells induces immunodeficiency... 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus, i.e. its RNA is converted in human cells by the en me reverse transcriptase to DNA which is incorporated into the human genome and is responsible for producing new HIV particles. Zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT Fig. 5.22F) is a stmctural analogue of thymidine (Fig. 5.22A) and is used to treat AIDS patients. Zidovudine is converted in both infected and uninfected cells to the mono-, di- and eventually triphosphate derivatives. Zidovudine triphosphate, the aetive form, is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, being mistaken for thymidine by reverse transeriptase. Premature ehain termination of viral DNA ensues. However, AZT is relatively toxic because, as pointed out above, it is converted to the triphosphate by eellular enzymes and is thus also aetivated in uninfected cells. 

Table 10.4 Chemical disinfection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Adapted from ACDP (1990) and Anon (1991)...

Sterilization, Disinfection and Cleaning of Medical Equipment Microbiology Advisory Committee (1993) Guidance on Decontamination fixMnttie Microbiology Advisory Committee to Department of Health Medical Devices Directorate. Part 1 Principles. London HMSO. van Bueren J., Salman H. Cookson B.D. (1995) The Efficacy of Thirteen Chemical Disinfectants against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Medical Devices Agency Evaluation Report. 

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV lymphadenopathy-associated virus, LAV human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 3, HTLV III) is responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS see Chapter 3). Because of the hazard and difficulties of growing the virus outside humans, a different approach has to be examined for determining viral sensitivity to disinfectants. 

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