Polychlorinated biphenyls interactions

Friend, M. and Trainer, D.O., Polychlorinated biphenyl interaction with duck hepatitis virus, Science, 170, 1314, 1970... 

Hoopingamer R, Samuel A, Krause D. 1972. Polychlorinated biphenyl interactions with tissue culture cells. Environ Health Perspect 1 155-158. 

Seegal RF, Bemis JC, Okoniewski RJ. 1998. Polychlorinated biphenyls interact with other Great Lakes Fish-borne contaminants to alter dopamine function in vitro. In Organohalogen Compounds 37 1-4. 

PCDFs are similar in many respects to PCDDs but have been less well studied, and will be mentioned only briefly here. Their chemical structure is shown in Figure 7.1. Like PCDDs, they can be formed by the interaction of chlorophenols, and are found in commercial preparations of chlorinated phenols and in products derived from phenols (e.g., 2,4,5-T and related phenoxyalkanoic herbicides). They are also present in commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures, and can be formed... 

The use of nanoscale materials in the dean-up of hazardous waste sites is termed nanoremediation. Remediation of soil contaminated with pentachloro phenol using NZVI was studied [198]. In a separate study, soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was treated using iron nanopartides [194], NZVI and iron oxide have been suggested to be used as a colloidal reactive barrier for in situ groundwater remediation due to its strong and spedfic interactions with Pb and As compounds [199]. 

Maximum concentrations of chlordanes in American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) taken in the Gulf of Mexico in 1976 were near 0.1 pg/kg dry weight (Table 13.2). Chlordane concentrations were substantially lower than concentrations of other organochlorines measured in oysters, such as DDT (28 pg/kg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (90 pg/kg), suggesting a need for additional studies on interaction effects of chlordane residues with those of other environmental chemicals (Rosales et al. 1979). 

Birnbaum, L.S., H. Weber, M.W. Harris, J.C. Lamb IV, and J.D. McKinney. 1985. Toxic interaction of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increased incidence of cleft palate in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77 292-302. 

Goldstein, J.A., P. Hickman, H. Bergaman, J.D. McKinney, and M.P Walker. 1977. Separation of pure polychlorinated biphenyl isomers into two types of inducers on the basis of induction of cytochrome P-450 or P-448. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 17 69-87. 

Such correlation equations have been derived for many classes of compounds (Table 7.3). These examples illustrate that very good relationships are found when only members of a specific compound class are included in the LFER. One can also reasonably combine compound classes into a single LFER if only compounds that exhibit similar intermolecular interaction characteristics are used (e.g., alkyl and chlorobenzenes aliphatic ethers and ketones polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins). 

It would lie far beyond the aim of this chapter to introduce the state-of-the art concepts that have been developed to quantify the influence of colloids on transport and reaction of chemicals in an aquifer. Instead, a few effects will be discussed on a purely qualitative level. In general, the presence of colloidal particles, like dissolved organic matter (DOM), enhances the transport of chemicals in groundwater. Figure 25.8 gives a conceptual view of the relevant interaction mechanisms of colloids in saturated porous media. A simple model consists of just three phases, the dissolved (aqueous) phase, the colloid (carrier) phase, and the solid matrix (stationary) phase. The distribution of a chemical between the phases can be, as first step, described by an equilibrium relation as introduced in Section 23.2 to discuss the effect of colloids on the fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Superior (see Table 23.5). 

Once the organic solute is adsorbed onto the polymer, it can be desorbed by using an organic eluting solvent that has strong solvent-polymer and solute-solvent interactions. A better focus of this qualitative description can be obtained by considering the example of the adsorption and desorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). 

Narasimhan, K., Basheer, C., Bajic, V.B., Swarup, S. Enhancement of plant-microbe interactions using a rhizosphere metabolomics-driven approach and its application in die removal of polychlorinated biphenyls. Plant Physiol 2003 132 146-153. 

Lara, A., Ernst, W. (1989) Interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls and marine humic substances, determination of association coefficients. Chemosphere 19, 1655-1664. 

Davis D, Safe S. 1989. Dose-response immunotoxicities of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their interaction with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Lett 48 35-43. 

The biological activities of steroid hormones result from interactions with specific receptors. For example, estradiol interacts with the estrogen receptor. Some industrial chemicals, such as DDT, bisphenol A, and polychlorinated biphenyls, may possibly interact with these receptors and cause hormonal effects on people and wildlife. 

ATSDR. 2004b. Interaction profile for persistent chemicals found in breast milk (chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, hexachlorobenzene, p,p -DDE, methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta (GA) US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. 

More oxidized compounds, such as chlorinated benzenes, are susceptible to biologically mediated reduction in environments under anaerobic conditions, such as in lake and river sediments. It is known that highly polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, for example, are susceptible to reductive dehalo-genation, the result of the interaction of syn-trophic microbial communities that are active under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing... 

Neurotoxicity can also occur as a result of indirect effects. For example, damage to hepatic, renal, circulatory, or pancreatic structures may result in secondary effects on the function and structure of the nervous system, such as encephalopathy or polyneuropathy. Secondary effects would not cause a substance to be considered neurotoxic, though at high enough doses, neurotoxicity could be evident. Thus, for the purpose of this review, a substance is defined as neurotoxic when it or its metabolites produce adverse effects as a result of direct interactions with the nervous system. It should be noted, nevertheless, that some chemicals may have multiple modes of action and affect the nervous system directly and indirectly. For example, several halogenated compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)) may interact directly with brain cells, and also affect the development of the nervous system by altering thyroid hormone homeostasis.7 8... 

Hauser R, Williams P, Altshul L, Calafat AM. Evidence of interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls and phthalates in relation to human sperm motility. Environ Health Perspect 2005 113(4) 425-30. 

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