Vaccine, hepatitis B virus

Recombinant techniques (Ogra et al. 2001) for generating purified antigens in large quantities have been used for the development of several vaccines including the hepatitis B virus vaccine (oral hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus) (Lubeck et al. 1989). Other examples of recombinantly produced vaccines include vaccines containing tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxin, and acellular pertussis toxoid. 

Vaccines can be roughly categorized into killed vaccines and live vaccines. A killed vaccine can be (/) an inactivated, whole microorganism such as pertussis, (.2) an inactivated toxin, called toxoid, such as diphtheria toxoid, or (5) one or more components of the microorganism commonly referred to as subunit vaccines. The examples are capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the surface antigen protein for Hepatitis B virus vaccine. 

Misra, A Ganga, S. Upadhyay, P. Needle-free, non-adjuvanted skin immunization by electroporation-enhanced transdermal delivery of diphtheria toxoid and a candidate peptide vaccine against hepatitis B virus. Vaccine 1999, 18, 517-523. 

Two types of hepatitis B vaccine are commercially available plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine and yeast recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine. The two vaccines are equally immunogenic, protective, and safe. However, in most countries the recombinant vaccine is considered the vaccine of choice. 

Plasma-derived hepatitis B virus vaccine is prepared from the plasma of chronic HBsAg carriers, and consists of purified, inactivated 20-nm HBsAg particles adsorbed on to an aluminium adjuvant. The use of a vaccine produced with plasma derived from infected individuals represented a major departure from conventional approaches, and safety testing has therefore been designed to cover all possibilities of risk and to ensure freedom from transmission of residual HBV and other blood-borne agents. Various clinical trials (SEDA-10, 289) (SEDA-11, 289) have confirmed the safety of plasma-derived hepatitis B virus vaccines produced by different manufacturers. Fears that plasma-derived vaccine may transmit AIDS can be considered unfounded. 

Touze E, Gout O, Verdier-Taillefer MH, Lyon-Caen O, Alperovitch A. Premier episode de demyelinisation du systeme nerveux central et vaccination contre I hepatite B. [The first episode of central nervous system demyelinization and hepatitis B virus vaccination.] Rev Neurol (Paris) 2000 156(3) 242-6. 

Drucker Y, Prayson RA, Bagg A, Calabrese LH. Lymphocytic vasculitis presenting as diffuse subcutaneous edema after hepatitis B virus vaccine. J Clin Rheumatol 1997 3 158-61. 

Virus cultivation is more complex than bacterial cultivation because viruses are, by themselves, nonreplicating. Virus must be grown on a host cell substrate, which can be animal tissue, embryo, or ex vivo cells the host substrate determines the cultivation technology. In the United States, only Japanese encephahtis virus vaccine is still produced from infected mature animals. Worldwide, many vaccines are produced in chicken embryos, an inexpensive substrate. The remainder of vaccines are produced from ex vivo cultivated animal cells. Some virus-like particle vaccines are made by recombinant DNA techniques in either microbial or animal cells, for example, hepatitis B virus vaccine, which is made in yeast as mentioned above, or in Chinese hamster ovary cells. An interesting synopsis of the development of rabies vaccine technology from Pasteur s use of animal tissues to modern use of ex vivo cells can be found in Sureau [1987]. 

Successful treatment with IFN-a also includes patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Despite the availability of an efficient vaccine, chronic... 

Vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus combined Pediarix Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus, and poliomyelitis immunization Sfee adverse reactions against individual vaccines. Primary immunization series 3 doses of 0.5 mLat 6-to 8-week intervals IM (first dose is 2 months of age, but may be given as early as 6 weeks of age)... 

Despite the availability of an effective HBV vaccine, the virus is still a major health problem with approximately 350 million persons infected worldwide. Hepatitis an infection of the liver that is caused by a variety of RNA viruses (hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus). RNAi has been used to inhibit HBV replication both in vitro and in vivo (Carmona et al. 2006 Ely et al. 2008 Hamasaki et al. 2003 Klein et al. 2003 Konishi et al. 2003 Weinberg et al. 2007 Ying et al. 2003). HBV is a member of the Hepadnaviridae and its genome is a 3.2-kb double-stranded circular DNA. Synthetic siRNAs and shRNA expression constructs showed potent inhibition of HBV replication in mice (Chen et al. 2005, 2007 GUadi et al. 2003 McCaffrey et al. 2003 Morrissey et al. 2005b Shin et al. 2006 Wu et al. 2005b ... 

Persons at high risk of acquiring the hepatitis B virus should be vaccinated with the hepatitis B vaccine at months 0,1, and 6. 

Hepatitis D infection is possible only if the patient also has the hepatitis B virus present therefore, hepatitis B vaccination can indirectly prevent hepatitis D infection. 

Hepatitis B virus is a blood-borne or sexually transmitted virus. Most acute infections occur in adults, while chronic infections usually occur in individuals infected as infants or children. However, about 10% of adults who contract hepatitis B virus will fail to clear their infection and develop chronic hepatitis B infection. Individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection are at risk for cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.6... 

Chong CS, Cao M, Wong WW et al (2005) Enhancement of T helper type 1 immune responses against hepatitis B virus core antigen by PLGA nanoparticle vaccine delivery. J Control Release 102 85-99... 

The most widely studied therapeutic proteins produced in plants include monoclonal antibodies for passive immunotherapy and antigens for use as oral vaccines [40]. Antibodies against dental caries, rheumatoid arthritis, cholera, E. coli diarrhea, malaria, certain cancers, Norwalk virus, HIV, rhinovirus, influenza, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus have been produced in transgenic plants. However, the anti-Streptococcus mutans secretory antibody for the prevention of dental caries is the only plant-derived antibody currently in Phase II clinical trials [40]. Until recently, most antibodies were expressed in tobacco, potato, alfalfa, soybean, rice and wheat [9], It has been estimated that for every 170 tons of harvested tobacco, 100 tons represents harvested leaves. A single hectare could thus yield 50 kg of secretory IgA [3, 41]. Furthermore, it has been estimated that the cost of antibody production in plants is half that in transgenic animals and 20 times lower than in mammalian cell cul-... 

Engerix B (tradename) is a subunit vaccine containing purified recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) that gained approval in the USA in 1998. It is indicated for active immunization against infection caused by all known serotypes of hepatitis B virus. 

Heparitin sulfate, 4 706 Hepatitis A vaccine, 25 492-493 Hepatitis B vaccine, 25 491 from yeast, 26 487 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 3 135 antiviral therapy, 3 154-159 infection process, 3 153-154 Hepatitis B virus detection, method for, 14 153-154... 

DNA vaccines Direct injection of nucleic acid contents HIV, malaria, influenza, hepatitis B virus, cancer... 

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