Virus Tobacco mosaic vims

The majority of viruses that infect plants have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. It has therefore been necessary to use infectious cDNA clones for the in vitro manipulation of RNA viruses, allowing them to be developed as effective tools for the commercial production of target proteins in plants. This approach has also been used to study the genetic and metabolic profiles of both viruses and their host plants. Siegel [14] conceptualized the potential use of RNA viruses as expression vectors. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) and Tobacco mosaic vims (TMV) were the first two RNA viruses to be converted into expression vectors. These vectors have since been pro-... 

Rabies virus glycoprotein (G)and nucleo-protein (N) Alfala mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic vims in tobacco and spinach leaf Elicited specific virus-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Immunogenic in mice when delivered orally and parenterally immunogenic in humans when delivered orally. Moderately protective against lethal challenge infection in mice. 16, 71... 

Fig. 19.1. Tip-enhanced Raman (TERS) spectroscopic analysis of a single tobacco mosaic vims (TMV) particle (A) AFM image of the single virus and (B) TERS spectrum of the virus particle with an excitation wavelength of 568.2 nm showing contributions of protein and DNA...

Satellite tobacco mosaic vims (STMV), 153, 222-225 encapsidated genome of, 223 Satellite tobacco necrosis vims (STNV), neutron scattering and, 49-50, 222 Satellite viruses, viral stmcture taxonomy and, 139-141, 139... 

Cohen [85] demonstrated that adding less than a percent of heparin to solutions of rod-like viruses results in the precipitation of the vims particles. The isolated precipitate phase consists of paracrystals . The connection Cohen [85] makes with the work of Bernal and Farkuchen [86] suggests the phase appears liquid crystalline. This opens up the possibility to isolate and separate vimses [87, 88]. In Fig. 1.14 a microscopic image is shown of clusters of tobacco mosaic vims (TMV) particles in a dispersion with 0.5 wt% of heparin [85]. In Chap. 6 we consider depletion effects in coUoidal rod dispersions. 

Unaware of the underlying principle this was first used by Cohen already in 1941 [87] to separate two viruses Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Tobacco Necrosis Virus. Tobacco Mosaic Virus is a rod-Uke vims with a length of 300 nm and diameter of 18 nm and Tobacco Necrosis Vims a spherical virus with a diameter of about 26 nm. Cohen used the polysaceharide heparin as depletant to separate these viruses. Recently, this method to separate eoUoids of different size and shape has gained new impetus. For nano-based teehnologies partieles with a specific size and shape are critical to optimize the nanostrueture-dependent optieal, electrical and magnetic properties. 

SH- groups (Bao et al. 2001). Insect nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Bao et al. 2001), parapoxviruses (Alexander 2008) and respiratory syncytial virus (Shanmukh et al. 2008) were studied. Higher sensitivity and selectivity were obtained by a combination of AFM and SERS in a study of nm-sized feline caliciviruses (Porter et al. 2006) and by TERS in the case of single tobacco mosaic vims at a molecular level (Cialla et al. 2009). 

A nucleic acid can never code for a single protein molecule that is big enough to enclose and protect it. Therefore, the protein shell of viruses is built up from many copies of one or a few polypeptide chains. The simplest viruses have just one type of capsid polypeptide chain, which forms either a rod-shaped or a roughly spherical shell around the nucleic acid. The simplest such viruses whose three-dimensional structures are known are plant and insect viruses the rod-shaped tobacco mosaic virus, the spherical satellite tobacco necrosis virus, tomato bushy stunt virus, southern bean mosaic vims. 

Bendahmane, M., et ah. Display of epitopes on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus impact of charge and isoelectric point of the epitope on vims-host interactions. J Mol Biol, 1999 290(1) 9-20. 

From this early work on side-chain SPs, the preparation of various nonliquid crystalline systems has been prolific. One study by Sheiko and co-workers demonstrated the control of polymer backbone conformation through addition of self-assembling side-chain groups. The authors reported the use of Frechet-type aryl ether dendrons appended from either a styrenic or a methacrylic polymer backbone to form self-assembled biological mimics of the tobacco mosaic virus or the icosahedral vims, depending on the conformation of the... 

Viruses (purified) Asymmetrical Separation of five aggregates of the Satellite tobacco necrosis virus isolation of the Cow pea mosaic vims. ... 

In most V, the nucleic acid is protected (e.g. from the action of nucleases) by a protein coat. The only exception to this structural feature is provided by the Viroids (see), which lack any proteins of their own. The coat protein consists of many identical subunits, e.g. the coat protein of Tobacco mosaic virus (see) contains 158 amino acid residues of known primary sequence. In the mature vims, between 2,100 and 2,700 of these subunits are arranged like the steps of a spiral staircase, and the spirally wound nueleic aeid lies in a groove in eaeh subunit. A cavity remains in the interior of the particle, which therefore has the appearance of a tube, is rod-shaped and displays helical symmetry (Figs. 1 2). In other V, 2 or 4 subunits combine to form capsomers, which in turn associate... 

Probably the best examples of rod-like colloidal particles are stiff vims particles such as the plant vims tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the bacteriophage feline distemper (fd). In Table 6.1 we summarize the characteristics of TMV and fd, including their linear charge densities at neutral pH. 

The relaxation time t,- can be determined from the slope of experimentally birefringent decay curves by constructing a tangent to the decay curve at the time ti, where i = 1,2,3,4,... and t, is the time required for the birefringence to decay to exp(—i) of its initial steady-state value. Relaxation times (in meters per second) for a tobacco mosaic virus were found to be tq = 0.54, ti = 0.53, T2 = 0.53, T3 = 0.53, and T4 = 0.54. Calculate the rotational diffusion coefficient for this vims (O Konski and Haltner, 1956). 

As Schachman has correctly pointed out (272), the results of this test may be illusory if it is applied to a highly asymmetric particle such as tobacco mosaic virus. However, for spherical particles the test is theoretically justified and has proved practically correct in the case of bushy stunt vims. Because of the low asymmetry of... 

Staphylococcus aureus D2 epitope of fibro-nectin-binding protein (FnBP) Cowpea mosaic virus in cowpea leaf Potato vims X in tobacco leaf Elicited FnBP-specific IgA and IgG. Immunogenic in mice and rats when delivered orally, nasally, or parenterally. 85... 

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