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0-Glucuronides

Xenobiotic glucuronidation occurs abundantly in the liver, the intestinal mucosa, and the kidney. Almost all other organs and tissue possess some glucuronidation [Pg.221]

RCH20 CgHgOg RC(0)0 CgHgOg RNHO CgHgOg RC(0)NH0 CgHgOg [Pg.222]

Glucuronidation of many substrates is low or undetectable in fetal mammalian tissues but increases with age. The rate of development is dependent upon the species, tissue, and substrate. The inability of newborns of most mammals, except the rat, to form glucuronides is associated with deficiencies in glucuronosyl transferase activity and the cofactor, UDPGA. The blood serum of newborn babies may contain pregnandiol, which is an inhibitor of glucuronide formation. Suppressed glucuroniation of bilirubin in newborns can result in neonatal jaundice. [Pg.223]


Glucuronidation. Complexation of the steroid to glucuronic acid, most predominantiy via the C-3 hydroxyl, leads to a considerable portion of the excreted metabohtes of ah. glucocorticoids. In infants, sulfurylation (formation of a sulfate ester) is also predominant (16). [Pg.97]

Other eactions. Most of the metabohtes of cortisol are neutral (alcohol or glucuronide complex) compounds. However, oxidation at C-21 to C-21 carboxyhc acids (17) accounts for some of the identifiable metabohtes of glucocorticoids (18). [Pg.97]

DHBs after absorption distribute rapidly and widely among tissues but bio accumulation is low (121). They are metabolized to their respective benzoquinone and then detoxified by conjugation and excreted in the urine mainly as conjugates. Some deconjugations may occur in the urine. Resorcinol is also excreted in the urine in a free and conjugated state, essentially glucuronide and sulfate. [Pg.494]

Biotransformation reactions can be classified as phase 1 and phase 11. In phase 1 reactions, dmgs are converted to product by processes of functionalization, including oxidation, reduction, dealkylation, and hydrolysis. Phase 11 or synthetic reactions involve coupling the dmg or its polar metaboHte to endogenous substrates and include methylation, acetylation, and glucuronidation (Table 1). [Pg.269]

The process of reabsorption depends on the HpophiHc—hydrophiHc balance of the molecule. Charged and ioni2ed molecules are reabsorbed slowly or not at all. Reabsorption of acidic and basic metaboHtes is pH-dependent, an important property in detoxification processes in dmg poisoning. Both passive and active carrier-mediated mechanisms contribute to tubular dmg reabsorption. The process of active tubular secretion handles a number of organic anions and cations, including uric acid, histamine, and choline. Dmg metaboHtes such as glucuronides and organic acids such as penicillin are handled by this process. [Pg.270]

Only the small amounts of T and T that are free in the circulation can be metabolized. The main route is deiodination of T to T and i-T, and from these to other inactive thyronines (21). Most of the Hberated iodide is reabsorbed in the kidney. Another route is the formation of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates at the 4 -OH in the Hver. These are then secreted in the bile and excreted in the feces as free phenols after hydrolysis in the lower gut. [Pg.50]

Although several metaboUtes of propylthiouracil have been found (36,44), it is mainly excreted in urine as the glucuronide. Its relatively short plasma half-life requires that it be adniinistered four times daily. [Pg.53]

Tocainide is rapidly and well absorbed from the GI tract and undergoes very fitde hepatic first-pass metabolism. Unlike lidocaine which is - 30% bioavailable, tocainide s availability approaches 100% of the administered dose. Eood delays absorption and decreases plasma levels but does not affect bio availability. Less than 10% of the dmg is bound to plasma proteins. Therapeutic plasma concentrations are 3—9 jig/mL. Toxic plasma levels are >10 fig/mL. Peak plasma concentrations are achieved in 0.5—2 h. About 30—40% of tocainide is metabolized in the fiver by deamination and glucuronidation to inactive metabolites. The metabolism is stereoselective and the steady-state plasma concentration of the (3)-(—) enantiomer is about four times that of the (R)-(+) enantiomer. About 50% of the tocainide dose is efirninated by the kidneys unchanged, and the rest is efirninated as metabolites. The elimination half-life of tocainide is about 15 h, and is prolonged in patients with renal disease (1,2,23). [Pg.113]

About 97% of po dose is absorbed from the GI tract. The dmg undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metaboHsm and only 12% of the po dose is bioavailable. More than 95% is protein bound and peak plasma concentrations are achieved in 2—3 h. Therapeutic plasma concentrations are 0.064—1.044 lg/mL. The dmg is metabolized in the Hver to 5-hyroxypropafenone, which has some antiarrhythmic activity, and to inactive hydroxymethoxy propafenone, glucuronides, and sulfate conjugates. Less than 1% of the po dose is excreted by the kidney unchanged. The elimination half-life is 2—12 h (32). [Pg.114]

Neopterin cyclophosphate Neopterin 2, 3 -cyclic phosphate Neopterin 3 -/3-D-glucuronide Neopterin 3 -triphosphate 6-(L-t/ reo-l, 2, 3 -Trihydroxypropyl)pterin ... [Pg.323]

Bromothymol blue (6.0...7.6) acid lipids, cholesterol glucuronides and gangliosides [241] aryloxybutanolamine derivatives [242] norfenfluramine derivatives [243] ethylamphetamines [244] in volatile mineral oil hydrocarbons [245] phospholipids [91]... [Pg.45]

The duration of action of acetaminophen is limited by the formation of water-soluble derivatives of the phenol (glucuronide and sulfate) that are then excreted via the kidney. Protection i)f the phenol as an ether inhibits such inactivation without diminishing biologic activity. Acetylation of p-ethoxyaniline iffords the widely used peripheral analgesic, phenacetin (25). ... [Pg.111]

J. Huwyler, S. Rufer, E. Kusters and J. Drewe, Rapid and highly automated determination of moipliine and moipliine glucuronides in plasma by on-line solid-phase extraction and column liquid cliromatography , 7. Chromatogr. B 674 51-63 (1995). [Pg.296]

MRP1 (ABCC1) Glucuronides and sulfate conjugates of steroid hormones and bile salts, colchicine, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, folate, irinotecan, methotrexate, pacitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, and others... [Pg.7]

MRP2 (ABCC2) LTC4, bilirubin-glucuronide, estradiol 17 3-glucuronide, dianionic bile salts, anionic conjugates, glutathione disulfide, and others... [Pg.7]

The active metabolite of this drug is mycophenolic acid (MPA), which inhibits IMPDH, too. MPA is metabolized in vivo by glucuronidation. It has to be noted that its acyl glucuronide inhibits EVDPDH with similar potency compared to the parent compound. [Pg.619]

Ibuprofen is the most thoroughly researched 2-ary lpropionic acid. It is a relatively weak, non-selective inhibitor of COX. In epidemiological studies, ibuprofen compared to all other conventional NSAIDs, has the lowest relative risk of causing severe gastrointestinal side effects. Because of this, ibuprofen is the most frequently used OTC ( over the counter , sale available without prescription) analgesic. Ibuprofen is highly bound to plasma proteins and has a relatively short elimination half-life ( 2 h). It is mainly glucuronidated to inactive metabolites that are eliminated via the kidney. [Pg.875]

Phenyl p-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid not phenyl p-D-glucuronoside or phenyl glucuronide H... [Pg.108]

Many authors reported poor elimination of antiepileptic drug carbamazepine [6,13,17,49, 54]. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that only 1-2% of carbamazepine is excreted unmetabolized. However, glucuronide conjugates of carbamazepine can presumably be cleaved in the sewage, and thus increase its environmental concentrations [51]. This is confirmed by its high ubiquity in the enviromnent at concentration levels of several hundred nanograms per liter in different surface waters. Due to its recalcitrant nature, it can be used as anthropogeiuc marker for the contamination of aquatic environment. [Pg.207]


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17/1-estradiol-glucuronide

3 -Methyl-catechin glucuronide

3-O-Glucuronide

3-O-P-D-glucuronide

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl glucuronide

6-0-acetylmorphine glucuronid

A -Glucuronides

Acetaminophen glucuronide

Acyl glucuronidation

Acyl glucuronide

Acyl glucuronide metabolite

Acyl glucuronide reaction

Acyl glucuronides

Acyl glucuronides hydrolysis

Aldosterone glucuronide

Androsterone glucuronide

Apigenin 7-O-p-D-glucuronide

Application to Chemical Reactivity of Drug Glucuronides

Aryl glucuronides

Benzoyl glucuronide

Bile acid glucuronides

Bile acid glucuronides excretion

Bile acid glucuronides formation

Bile acid glucuronides polarity

Bile acid glucuronides structure

Bilirubin conjugates glucuronides

Bilirubin glucuronidation

Bilirubin glucuronide

Bilirubin glucuronides

Biological Fluids Glucuronides from LCMS Adnan A. Kadi and Mohamed M. Hefnawy

Biosynthesis of Bilirubin Glucuronide

Biotransformation glucuronidation capacity

Biotransformation reactions glucuronidation

Buspirone glucuronide

By glucuronidation

Calciferol glucuronides

Catechins glucuronidation

Cholestatic activity, glucuronide

Cholesterol glucuronides

Codeine-6-glucuronide

Conjugation reactions glucuronidation

Conjugation, glucuronide

Corticosteroid glucuronides

Coumarins glucuronide

D-Glucuronides

Dehydroepiandrosterone glucuronide

Dehydroepiandrosterone glucuronide, metabolism

Diclofenac glucuronide

Diflunisal glucuronides

Drug glucuronidation

Endogenous compounds glucuronidation

Endogenous substrates glucuronidation

Enviroxime glucuronide

Epitestosterone glucuronide

Ester glucuronides

Ester glucuronides, determination

Estradiol glucuronidation

Estriol glucuronide

Estrone-3-glucuronide

Ethyl glucuronide

Etiocholanolone glucuronide

Flavonoid glucuronide

Flavopiridol glucuronide

Fluorescein glucuronide

Foreign compounds glucuronidation

Gemfibrozil-glucuronide

Glucuronic acid, glucuronidation

Glucuronidated

Glucuronidated

Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation characteristics

Glucuronidation conjugates

Glucuronidation conjugates, types

Glucuronidation enzymes

Glucuronidation hepatotoxicity

Glucuronidation hydrolysis

Glucuronidation occurrence

Glucuronidation of bilirubin

Glucuronidation of xenobiotics

Glucuronidation opioids

Glucuronidation reactions

Glucuronidation reactions compounds

Glucuronidation reactions drug disposition

Glucuronidation reactions hydroxy groups

Glucuronidation reactions metabolic activation

Glucuronidation reactions processes

Glucuronidation relative rates

Glucuronidation species defects

Glucuronidation types

Glucuronidation, acetylaminofluorene

Glucuronidation, biotransformation

Glucuronidation, drug metabolism

Glucuronidation/glucuronosylation

Glucuronide

Glucuronide chromatograms

Glucuronide cleavage

Glucuronide conjugates

Glucuronide conjugation androgens

Glucuronide conjugation estrogens

Glucuronide derivatives

Glucuronide drug metabolism

Glucuronide drug metabolism studies

Glucuronide formation

Glucuronide formation and

Glucuronide formation enzymes

Glucuronide formation, phenobarbital

Glucuronide identification

Glucuronide linkage

Glucuronide mass shift

Glucuronide metabolite

Glucuronide saponins

Glucuronide synthesis

Glucuronide synthesis using

Glucuronide tubular reabsorption

Glucuronide, detoxication

Glucuronides analysis

Glucuronides animals

Glucuronides biosynthesis

Glucuronides formation

Glucuronides formed from drugs

Glucuronides immunoassay

Glucuronides in urine

Glucuronides of thyroxine

Glucuronides paracetamol

Glucuronides quaternary ammonium

Glucuronides, aromatic

Glucuronides, carbamate metabolism

Glucuronides, ester ether

Glucuronides, formation from phenols

Glucuronides, testosterone measurement

Glucuronides, toxic

Glucuronides, vitamin

Glucuronidic prodrugs

Haloperidol glucuronide

Hepatocytes, glucuronide formation

Ibuprofen glucuronide

Isoflavone glucuronide

Kaempferol 3-glucuronide

Lamotrigine glucuronidation

Lorazepam glucuronide

Luteolin 7-glucuronide-3 -glucoside

Luteolin-glucuronide

Menthol glucuronide

Metabolism glucuronide conjugates

Metabolism glucuronide conjugation

Metabolism oxazepam glucuronide

Metabolism temazepam glucuronide

Methylumbelliferyl glucuronide

Morphine 3- and 6-glucuronides

Morphine glucuronidation

Morphine glucuronidation inhibitors

Morphine glucuronidation intermediates

Morphine glucuronides

Morphine-3-glucuronide mechanism

Morphine-3-glucuronide pathway

Morphine-6-glucuronide

Morphine-6-glucuronide bioavailability

Morphine-6-glucuronide metabolism

Morphine-6-glucuronide pharmacodynamics

Morphine-6-glucuronide pharmacokinetics

Morphine-6-glucuronide study

Mycophenolic acid glucuronidation

Mycophenolic acid glucuronide

N-Glucuronides

N-O-Glucuronides

N-glucuronide conjugation

Nalorphine-6-glucuronide

Nicotine metabolism glucuronidation

Nicotinic acid glucuronide

Normorphine glucuronide

O-Glucuronidation

Oleanolic acid 3-(?-glucuronide

Oleanolic acid-type glucuronides

Oleanolic acid-type glucuronides saponins

Oxazepam glucuronidation

Oxazepam glucuronide

P-D-glucuronide

P-D-glucuronides

Paracetamol glucuronidation

Paracetamol glucuronide

Pentachlorophenol glucuronide

Phase II reactions glucuronidation

Phase II reactions glucuronides

Phenol conversion to phenyl glucuronide

Phenol glucuronidation

Phenol glucuronide

Phenolic glucuronide conjugate

Phenolphthalein glucuronide

Phenyl glucuronide

Phenytoin glucuronide conjugate

Pregnanediol glucuronide

Quercetin 3-glucuronide

Quercetin glucuronidation

Quercetin glucuronides

Quercetin-3 -O-glucuronide

Raloxifene glucuronidation

Resveratrol glucuronides

Retinoid glucuronides

Retinoyl (1-glucuronide

Retinoyl CoA glucuronide

Retinoyl Glucuronide and Other Metabolites

Retinoyl P-glucuronide

Retinyl glucuronide

S-Glucuronides

SN-38 glucuronidation

Secondary metabolites glucuronide conjugates

Steroid Glucuronides

Steroid glucuronides, detection

Sulfation glucuronidation and

Sulfonamides glucuronides

Testosterone glucuronidation

Testosterone glucuronide

Testosterone glucuronides

Thyroid hormone glucuronides

Tolmetin glucuronide

Uridine diphosphate glucuronide

Uridine diphosphate glucuronide transferase

V-glucuronidation

Valproate glucuronide

Xenobiotic glucuronidation

Zidovudine glucuronidation

Zomepirac glucuronide

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