Acetaminophen glucuronide

Court MH, Duan SX, von Moltke LL, et al. Interindividual variability in acetaminophen glucuronidation by human liver microsomes identification of relevant acetaminophen UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001 299(3) 998-1006. 

Xiong H, Turner KC, Ward ES, et al. Altered hepatobiliary disposition of acetaminophen glucuronide in isolated perfused livers from multidrug resistance-associated protein 2-deficient TR(-) rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 295(2) 512-518. 

Mutlib AE, Goosen TC, Bauman JN, et al. Kinetics of acetaminophen glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyl transferases 1A1, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B15. Potential implications in acetaminophen-induced toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2006 19 701-709. 

Levy G, Khanna NN, Soda DM, Tsuzuki O, Stern L (1975) Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in the human neonate Formation of acetaminophen glucuronide and sulphate in relation to plasma bilirubin concentration and d-glucaric acid excretion. Pediatrics, 55 818-825. 

Court, M.H., Greenhlatt, D.J. (1997). Molecular basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation in cats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 5 1041-7. 

FIGURE 5.3 Comparison of XICs of acetaminophen-glucuronide (mlz = 328) (panels a and b) and acetaminophen-sulfate (ml7, = 232) (panels c and d) obtained using either a monolithic column (Panels a and c) or an ACQUITY UPLC column (panels b and d). Positive ion mode ESI-MS following injection of urine following administration of acetaminophen (APAP). (Reprinted from Johnson, K.A. and Plumb, R., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 39, 805, 2005. With permission.)... 

Figure 4-1. Metabolism of acetaminophen to harmless conjugates or to toxic metabolites. Acetaminophen glucuronide, acetaminophen sulfate, and the mercapturate conjugate of acetaminophen are all nontoxic phase II conjugates. Ac is the toxic, reactive phase I metabolite. Transformation to the reactive metabolite occurs if hepatic stores of sulfate, glucuronide, and glutathione are depleted or overwhelmed or if phase I enzymes have been induced.

In healthy volunteers orally administered 50 g of watercress homogenates 10 hours prior to a single dose of acetaminophen, a reduction in serum levels of acetaminophen was observed. Total urinary excretion of Cys-acetaminophen was also reduced, although pharmacokinetic processes and the urinary excretion of acetaminophen, acetaminophen glucuronide, and acetaminophen sulfate were not altered (Chen et al. 1996). 

Extracted metabolites, acetaminophen glucuronide, acetaminophen sulfate... 

Ohta,M. Kawakami,N. Yamato, S. Shimada, K. Analysis 47. of acetaminophen glucuronide conjugate accompanied... 

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