Plasma Spectrometries

M. Thompson and J. N. Walsh, eds.. Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry, 2nd ed.. Chapman Hall, New York, 1989. 

M Thompson and J N Walsh, A Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry, Blackie, London, 1983... 

The Production Department was not amused, because lower values had been expected. Quality Control was blamed for using an insensitive, unse-lective, and imprecise test, and thereby unnecessarily frightening top management. This outcome had been anticipated, and a better method, namely polarography, was already being set up. The same samples were run, this time in duplicate, with much the same results. A relative confidence interval of 25% was assumed. Because of increased specificity, there were now less doubts as to the amounts of this particular heavy metal that were actually present. To rule out artifacts, the four samples were sent to outside laboratories to do repeat tests with different methods X-ray fluorescence (XRFi °) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). The confidence limits were determined to be 10% resp. 3%. Figure 4.23 summarizes the results. Because each method has its own specificity pattern, and is subject to intrinsic artifacts, a direct statistical comparison cannot be performed without first correcting the apparent concentrations in order to obtain presumably true... 

Leary JJ, Brookes AE, Dorrzape AF Jr, Golightly DW 1982) An objective function for optimization techniques in simultaneous multiple-element analysis by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Applied Spectroscopy 36 37-40. 

Totland M, Jarvis 1, Jarvis KE (1992) An assessment of dissolution techniques for the analysis of geological samples by plasma spectrometry. Chem Geol 95 35-62... 

This chapter also deals in particular with chromatographic detection by atomic plasma spectrometry and plasma mass spectrometry (AED, MIP, ICP). With the application of such detectors, metal-specific signals can be obtained - thus the information content of a separation increases significantly. The major objectives of interfaced chromatography-atomic plasma source emission spectrometry (C-APES) are ... 

S.J. Hill (ed.), Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry and Its Applications, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield (1999). 

Heyworth, M. P., J. R. Hunter, S. E. Warren, and J. N. Walsh (1988), The analysis of archaeological materials using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, in Slater, E. A. and J. O. Tate (eds.), Science in Archaeology, Glasgow. 

Many of the published methods for the determination of metals in seawater are concerned with the determination of a single element. Single-element methods are discussed firstly in Sects. 5.2-5.73. However, much of the published work is concerned not only with the determination of a single element but with the determination of groups of elements (Sect. 5.74). This is particularly so in the case of techniques such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Zeeman background-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. This also applies to other techniques, such as voltammetry, polarography, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluroescence spectroscopy, and isotope dilution techniques. 

Klane and Blum [69] showed that inductively coupled plasma spectrometry was able to determine below 1000 ng/1 of arsenic in seawater. Ion exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been used to determine several arsenic species in seawater [ 947 ]. Down to 3 ng/1 arsenic can be determined using hydride generation prior to this technique. 

List the advantages and disadvantages of dc-arc spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, when used to determine trace metals in solid samples. Indicate the main reasons for preferring ICP spectrometry, in most cases. 

Atomic absorption provides very high sensitivity but requires careful subsampling, extensive sample preparation, and detailed sample-matrix corrections. X-ray fluorescence requires little in terms of sample preparation but suffers from low sensitivity and the application of major matrix corrections. Inductively coupled argon plasma spectrometry provides high sensitivity and few matrix corrections but requires a considerable amount of sample preparation, depending on the process stream to be analyzed. 

Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry and its applications 2nd edition... 

Chemically pure reagents were used. Cadmium was added as its sulfate salt in concentrations of about 50 ppm. Lanthanides were added as nitrates. For the experiments with other metal ions so-called "black acid from a Nissan-H process was used. In this acid a large number of metal ions were present. To achieve calcium sulfate precipitation two solutions, one consisting of calcium phosphate in phosphoric acid and the other of a phosphoric acid/sulfuric acid mixture, were fed simultaneously in the 1 liter MSMPR crystallizer. The power input by the turbine stirrer was 1 kW/m. The solid content was about 10%. Each experiment was conducted for at least 8 residence times to obtain a steady state. During the experiments lic iid and solid samples were taken for analysis by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma spectrometry, based on atomic emission) and/or INAA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis). The solid samples were washed with saturated gypsum solution (3x) and with acetone (3x), and subsequently dried at 30 C. The details of the continuous crystallization experiments are given in ref. [5]. 

A hand-auger drill was used to obtain samples at 30 cm depth intervals down to 5.0 m. At these depths the fly ash is unsaturated in both sites. Porewater samples were extracted from the fly ash samples by centrifugation, following the method of Edmunds Bath (1976) and analysed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and ion chromatography. Because the porewaters were obtained by centrifuge extraction, the... 

R. Thomas. Practical Guide to ICP-MS (New York Marcel Dekker. 2004) H. E. Taylor, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (San Diego Academic Press, 2001) C. M. Barshick, D. C. Duckworth, and D. H. Smith, eds.. Inorganic Mass Spectrometry (New York Marcel Dekker, 2000) S. J. Hill, ed., Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry and Its Applications (Sheffield, UK Sheffield Academic Press, 1999) A. Montaser, ed., Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (New York Wiley, 1998) G. Holland and... 

Induced Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP). An even more sensitive instrument has been developed to detect and quantitate, simultaneously, all inorganic species contained with a sample matrix. One such system is the ICP-OES (optical emission spectrometer) (Figure 25.5). The ICP-OES takes an aliquot of sample that has been acid digested and mixes it with a gas (e.g., argon) forming a plasma (i.e., an ionized gas) that is channeled into a nebulizer. Energy is applied to excite the atoms that are converted by the optics of the instrument into individual wavelengths. The... 

Centrifugation alone is not sufficient to separate Np solid material from the solution (j) ). Thus, the Np solution concentrations and oxidation state analyses were determined from aliquots filtered through approximately 1.8 nm pore-size Centriflo membrane cones (Amicon Corp., Lexington, MA). Each filter cone was pretreated with an initial aliquot of the suspension to be filtered. Tests using successive filtration confirmed that no significant amounts of Np were being sorbed by the filter cones. The solutions were alpha counted by liquid scintillation techniques. Major cations in the solutions were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) analyses. 

Olesik, J.W., Kinzer, J.A. and Olesik, S.V (1995) Capillary electrophoresis inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry for rapid elemental speciation. Anal. Chem., 67, 1-12. 

Rivas, C., Ebdon, L. and Hill, S.J. (1996) Effect of different spray chambers on the determination of organotin compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11, 1147-1150. 

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