Atomic absorption spectrometry background correction

Nowka R, Muller H (1997) Direct analysis of solid samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a transversely heated graphite atomizer and D2-background correction system (SS GF-AAS). Fresenius J Anal Chem 359 132-137. 

Ellen G, Van Loon JW. 1990. Determination of cadmium and lead in foods by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction Test with certified reference materials. Food Addit Contam 7 265-273. 

Chapters 5 and 6 discuss the application of new techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry with and without graphite furnace and Zeeman background correction, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray fluo-... 

Many of the published methods for the determination of metals in seawater are concerned with the determination of a single element. Single-element methods are discussed firstly in Sects. 5.2-5.73. However, much of the published work is concerned not only with the determination of a single element but with the determination of groups of elements (Sect. 5.74). This is particularly so in the case of techniques such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Zeeman background-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. This also applies to other techniques, such as voltammetry, polarography, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluroescence spectroscopy, and isotope dilution techniques. 

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with the L vov platform and Zeeman background correction has been applied to the determination of down to 0.02 xg/l manganese in seawater [452]. 

Zong, Y. Y., Parsons, P. J., and Slavin, W. (1998). Background correction errors for lead in the presence of phosphate with Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta B 53 1031-1039. 

CONTENTS Preface, Joseph Sneddon. Analyte Excitation Mechanisms in the Inductively Coupled Plasma, Kuang-Pang Li and J.D. Winefordner. Laser-Induced Ionization Spectrometry, Robert B. Green and Michael D. Seltzer. Sample Introduction in Atomic Spectroscopy, Joseph Sneddon. Background Correction Techniques in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, G. Delude. Flow Injection Techniques for Atomic Spectrometry, Julian F. Tyson. 

Guillard 0, Tiphaneau K, Reiss D, et al. 1984. Improved determination of aluminum in serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and zeeman background correction. Anal Lett 17 1593-1605. 

Smith, S.B. and G.M. Hieftje. 1983. A new background correction method for atomic absorption spectrometry. Appl. Spectrosc. 37 419 -24. 

Grabinski [12] has described an ion exchange method for the complete separation of the above four arsenic species, on a single column containing both cation and anion exchange resins. Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with a deuterium arc background correction is used as a detection system for this procedure. This detection system was chosen because of its linear response and lack of specificity for these compounds combined with its resistance to matrix bias in this type of analysis. 

Dube P. 1988. Determination of chromium in human urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman-effect background correction. Analyst 113 917-921. 

S. R. Koirtyohann, E. E. Pickett, Background correction in long path atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 37 (1965), 601. 

M. Hoenig, P. Van Hoeyweghen, Determination of selenium and arsenic in animal tissues with platform furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and deuterium background correction, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 24 (1986), 193-202. 

Apparatus. A nonflame atomic absorption spectrometer (Varian-Techtron AA-5, Model 63 Carbon Rod Atomizer) with background correction was used for all of the analyses with the exception of calcium. Calcium was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian-Techtron Model 1000). 

For the analytical determination of metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and biological matrices, digestion with a 3 1 HNO3-HCIO4 mixture under controlled temperature was used (36). Analysis of sediments and suspended particulate matter were made by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) with air-acetylene flame and deuterium background correction. The analysis of metals in lichens and molluscs were performed by ICP-AES. The operating conditions for FAAS and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis are shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. 

For the homogeneity and stability studies, the trace element contents (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction (ZETAAS), strictly following the sequential extraction procedure. Differences between the within-bottle and between-bottle CVs observed for the step 2 were considered to be rather an analytical artefact than an indication of inhomogeneity which would have been reflected in the spread of results submitted in the certification. The material is then considered to be homogeneous for the stated level of intake (1 g). 

For the homogeneity studies, the extractants (0.05 mol L EDTA, 0.43 mol L" acetic acid and 0.005 mol L DTPA) were prepared as laid out in the certification reports [15, 17], The trace element contents (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the extracts were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for the CRMs 483/484, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction (ZETAAS) for the CRM 600. In the case of the CRM 483, little analytical difficulty was experienced as illustrated by the good agreement obtained between the within-bottle and between-bottle CVs for the CRM 484, lower extractable contents, closer to the detection limits and consequent poorer analytical precision was observed in particular for Cr (EDTA extractable contents), Cd and Pb (acetic acid extractable contents). No particular difficulties were experienced for the CRM 600. On the basis of these results, the materials were considered to be homogeneous at a level of 5 g for EDTA- and acetic acid-extractable contents and 10 g for DTPA-extractable contents (as specified in the extraction protocols). 

Lewis SA, Hardison NW, Veillon C. 1986. Comparison of isotope dilution mass spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction for determination of plasma selenium. Anal Chem 58 1272-1273. 

Guthrie BE, Wole WR and Veillon C (1978) Background correction and related problems in the determination of chromium in urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 50 1900-1902. 

The Zeeman effect arises from the interaction of an external magnetic field ivith the magnetic moment of the emitting (direct Zeeman effect) or absorbing (inverse Zeeman effect) atom, resulting in split emission lines. This phenomenon has made a significant contribution to nonatomic background correction in atomic absorption spectrometry, especially in electrothermal AAS ivhere more serious nonatomic, nonspecific absorptions occur. 

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