Emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma atomic

6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry 

The neutral particles are heated indirectly by collisions with the charged particles upon which the field acts. Macroscopically the process is equivalent to heating a conductor by a radio-frequency field, the resistance to eddy current flow producing joule heating. 

The field does not penetrate the conductor uniformly and therefore the largest current flow is at the periphery of the plasma. This is the so-called skin effect and coupled with a suitable gas-flow geometry it produces an annular or doughnut-shaped plasma. Electrically, the coil and plasma form a transformer with the plasma acting as a one-turn coil of finite resistance. 

If mass spectrometric determination of the analyte is to be incorporated, then the source must also be an efficient producer of ions. 

Greenfield and co-workers [14] were the first to recognise the analytical potential of the annular ICP. 

Wendt and Fassel [14], reported early experiments with a tear-drop -shaped ICP bnt later described the medinm power, 1-3 kW, 18 mm annnlar plasma now favoured in modern analytical instruments [15]. 

1 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 

As viewed from the top, the plasma has a circular, doughnut shape. The sample is injected as an aerosol through the centre of the doughnut. This characteristic of the source confines the sample to a narrow region and provides an optically thin emission source and a chemically inert atmosphere. Normally, samples are introduced as a solution into the plasma and argon is used as a carrier gas for the sample introduction. The much higher temperatures of the plasma compared to flame make ICP-AES more effective in detecting lower concentrations of refractory elements such as Ta, W and Zr, and rare earth elements. 

ICP-AES is the best overall multi-element atomic spectroscopy technique for soil metal analysis, with excellent sample throughput and very wide 

Metal Wavelength (nm) Axial viewing Radial viewing 

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P. W. J. M. Boumans. Line Coincidence Tables for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980, 1984. Lists of emission lines for analysis and potentially overlapping lines with relative intensities, using spectrometers with two different resolutions. 

Aluminium, boron, silicon Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ... 

Pt content determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Monolayer uptakes (P = 0) determined at 295 K. 

Moens L, Verreft P, Boonen S, Vanhaecke F and Dams R (1995) Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta 508 463-475. Mooijman KA, In t Veld PH, Hoekstra JA, Heisterkamp SH, Havelaar AH, Notermans SHW, Roberts D, Griepink B, Maier E (1992) Development of Microbiological Reference Materials. European Commission Report EUR 14375 EN, Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels. 

ScHiFFER U, Krivan V (i999) A graphite furnace electrothermal vaporization system for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chem 70 482-490. 

Verrept P, Dams R, Kurfurst U 1993) Electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of solid samples contribution to instrumentation and methodology. Fresenius 2 Anal Chem 345 1035-1041. 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

ASTM. 1998a. ASTME1613. Standard test method for analysis of digested samples for lead by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Flame Atomic Absorption (FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption (GFAA) Techniques. American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is used to screen polymers, liquids and solvent extracts for residual metal atoms (catalysts, fillers, etc.). The technique can provide rapid multi-component screening of elements in solution over a wide concentration range (0.1-1,000 pg/ml). 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. ... 

Measurement techniques that can be employed for the determination of trace metals include atomic absorption spectrometry, anodic stripping voltammetry, differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, liquid chromatography of the metal chelates with ultraviolet-visible absorption and, more recently, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 

Brenner et al. [ 169] applied inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry to the determination of calcium (and sulfate) in brines. The principal advantage of the technique was that it avoided tedious matrix matching of calibration standards when sulfate was determined indirectly by flame techniques. It also avoided time-consuming sample handling when the samples were processed by the gravimetric method. The detection limit was 70 ig/l and a linear dynamic range of 1 g/1 was obtained for sulfate. 

Heavy Metals, Isotope Dilution, Spark Source Mass Spectrometry, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry... 

Silicon has been determined directly in seawater by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with a detection limit of 0.3 xm silicon [42],... 

Organogermanium compounds can be mineralized by wet oxidative digestion for 4 h at 70°C, in aqueous potassium persulphate, at pH 12. After dilution to an adequate concentration germanium can be determined by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry)9. 

Prior to analysis, solutions from seven-day T/D tests on cuprous oxide (Cu20) and nickel metal powder (Ni) were passed through a column with iminodiacetate functional groups using an ammonium acetate buffer. The alkali and alkali earth metals are not bound to the column thereby separating the cations associated with the saltwater matrix from the transition metals of interest which are subsequently eluted with nitric acid and analysed by ICP-AES (inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry). 

Owing to their superior fluorescent yield, heavy elements ordinarily yield considerably more intense XRF bands than the light elements. This feature can be exploited to determine the concentration of inorganic species in a sample, or the concentration of a compound that contains a heavy element in some matrix. Many potential XRF applications have never been developed owing to the rise of atomic spectroscopic methods, particularly inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [74]. Nevertheless, under the right set of circumstances, XRF analysis can be profitably employed. 

Roberts, N.B, Walsh, H.P.J., Klenerman, L., Kelly, S.A., and Helliwell, T. R. (1996). Determination of elements in human femoral bone using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy 11 133-138. 

Segal, I., Kloner, A., and Brenner, I. B. (1994). Multielement analysis of archaeological bronze objects using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry -aspects of sample preparation and spectral-line selection. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 9 737-744. 

Tamba, M. G., del M., Falciani, R., Lopez, T. D., and Coedo, A. G. (1994). One-step microwave digestion procedures for the determination of aluminium in steels and iron ores by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analyst 119 2081-2085. 

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