Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry nebulizers used

Wang L., May S. W., Browner R. F. and Pollock S. H. (1996) Low-flow interface for liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry speciation using an oscillating capillary nebulizer, J Anal At Spectrom 11 1137-1146. 

ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) is frequently used for determining ultratrace amounts of technetium [9]. In spite of the high cost of the equipment, this detection method is far superior to other radiometric methods as regards sensitivity. When a double focussing high-resolution system is used (HR-ICP-MS) and an ultrasonic nebulizer is introduced [10], the detection limit is in the order 0.002 mBq. The ICP-MS method has been successfully applied to the determination of environmental "Tc as well as to other long-lived radionuclides of neptunium and plutonium in the environment. 

Bjorn E, Freeh W, Hoffmann E, Liidke C (1998) Investigation and quantification of spectroscopic interferences from polyatomic species in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using electrothermal vaporization or pneumatic nebulization for sample introduction. Spectrochim Acta 53B 1766... 

Saverwyno, S., Zhang, X., Vanhaeke, F., Comelis, R., Moens, L. and Dams, R. (1997) Speciation of six arsenic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with sample introduction by thermospray nebulization.J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 1047-1052. 

M. Parent, H. Vanhoe, L. Moens, R. Dams, Determination of low amounts of platinum in environmental and biological materials using thermospray nebulization inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 354 (1996), 664D667. 

S. Augagneur, B. Medina, J. Szpunar, R. Lobinski, Determination of rare earth elements in wine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a microcon-centric nebulizer, J. Anal. Atom Spectrom., 11 (1996), 713-721. 

M. J. Powell, D. W. Boomer, and D. R. Wiedcrin. Determination of chromium species in environmental. samples using high-pressure liquid chromatography direct injection nebulization and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chern., 67, 2474,1995. 

J.-H. Wang, E.H. Hansen, Interfacing sequential injection on-line preconcentration using a renewable micro-column incorporated in a Tab-on-valve system with direct injection nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16 (2001) 1349. 

Duyck, C., Miekeley, N., Porto da Silveira, C. L., and Szatmari, P., Trace Element Determination in Crude Oil and Its Fractions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Using Ultrasonic Nebulization of Toluene Solutions, Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 57, 2002, pp. 1979-1990... 

Flame atomic absorption was until recently the most widely used techniques for trace metal analysis, reflecting its ease of use and relative freedom from interferences. Although now superceded in many laboratories by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry still is a very valid option for many applications. The sample, usually in solution, is sprayed into the flame following the generation of an aerosol by means of a nebulizer. The theory of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and details of the basic instrumentation required are described in a previous article. This article briefly reviews the nature of the flames employed in AAS, the specific requirements of the instrumentation for use with flame AAS, and the atomization processes that take place within the flame. An overview is given of possible interferences and various modifications that may provide some practical advantage over conventional flame cells. Finally, a number of application notes for common matrices are given. 

The improvement in the mass spectrometer will of course lead to better detection limits and capabilities. Again, the low-flow pneumatic nebulizer will probably continue to lead the work performed in building CE-ICP-MS interfaces. Also, the current selection of commercial low-flow nebulizer will aid in the construction and use of interfaces. Finally, two books worthy of further reading are Akbar Montaser s Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998) and Joseph A. Caruso et al. s Elemental Speciation—New Approaches for Trace Elemental Analysis, Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry XXXIII (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000). Specific chapters were cited in this entry, but both books comprise other chapters containing a wealth of information about capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. 

Pickhardt, C., Izmer, A., Zoriy, M., Schaumloffel, D., Becker, J. S. (2006) Online isotope dilution in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a microflow nebulizer inserted in the laser ablation chamber. Int J Mass Spectrom, 248,136-141. 

Kahen, K., Jorabchi, K, and Montaser, A. (2006) Desolvation-induced nonlinearity in the analysis of bromine using an ultrasonic nebulizer with membrane desolvation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 

Kwok, K., Carr, J.E., Webster, G.K., and Carnahan, J.W., (2006) Determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients by heteroatom selective detection using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with ultrasonic nebulization and membrane desolvation sample introduction. j4ppi. Spectrosc., 60, 80-85. 

Duyck, C. Miekeley, N. Silveira, C.L.P. Szatmari, P., (2002), Trace element determination in crude oil and its fractions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using ultrasonic nebulization of toluene solutions, Spectrodiim. Acta, 57B, 1979-1990. 

Joannon, S.,Telouk, P., and Pin, C. (1997). Determination of U andXh at ultra-trace levels by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a geyser-type ultrasonic nebulizer Application to geological samples. Spectrochim.Acta, Part B 52(12), 1783. 

Liu, H., Montaser, A., and Dolan, S. P. (1996). Evaluation of a low sample consumption, high-efFiciency nebulizer for elemental analysis of biological samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11(4), 307. 

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