Atomic plasma spectrometry

This chapter also deals in particular with chromatographic detection by atomic plasma spectrometry and plasma mass spectrometry (AED, MIP, ICP). With the application of such detectors, metal-specific signals can be obtained - thus the information content of a separation increases significantly. The major objectives of interfaced chromatography-atomic plasma source emission spectrometry (C-APES) are ... 

Elemental Analysis Atomic absorption spectrometry X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry Plasma emission spectrometry... 

Highly sensitive iastmmental techniques, such as x-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption spectrometry, and iaductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, have wide appHcation for the analysis of silver ia a multitude of materials. In order to minimize the effects of various matrices ia which silver may exist, samples are treated with perchloric or nitric acid. Direct-aspiration atomic absorption (25) and iaductively coupled plasma (26) have silver detection limits of 10 and 7 l-lg/L, respectively. The use of a graphic furnace ia an atomic absorption spectrograph lowers the silver detection limit to 0.2 l-ig/L. 

Numerous methods have been pubUshed for the determination of trace amounts of tellurium (33—42). Instmmental analytical methods (qv) used to determine trace amounts of tellurium include atomic absorption spectrometry, flame, graphite furnace, and hydride generation inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis and spectrophotometry (see Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy, optical). Other instmmental methods include polarography, potentiometry, emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray fluorescence. 

Inductively coupled argon plasma (icp) and direct current argon plasma (dcp) atomic emission spectrometry are solution techniques that have been appHed to copper-beryUium, nickel—beryUium, and aluminum—beryUium aUoys, beryUium compounds, and process solutions. The internal reference method, essential in spark source emission spectrometry, is also useful in minimizing drift in plasma emission spectrometry (17). Electrothermal (graphite... 

Plasma atomic emission spectrometry is also employed as a detection method for gc (see Plasma technology). By monitoring selected emission lines a kind of selective detection based on elemental composition can be achieved (see Spectroscopy). 

The very low Hg concentration levels in ice core of remote glaciers require an ultra-sensitive analytical technique as well as a contamination-free sample preparation methodology. The potential of two analytical techniques for Hg determination - cold vapour inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CV ICP-SFMS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) with gold amalgamation was studied. 

The complex of the following destmctive and nondestmctive analytical methods was used for studying the composition of sponges inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Techniques of sample preparation were developed for each method and their metrological characteristics were defined. Relative standard deviations for all the elements did not exceed 0.25 within detection limit. The accuracy of techniques elaborated was checked with the method of additions and control methods of analysis. 

Electrothermal vaporization can be used for 5-100 )iL sample solution volumes or for small amounts of some solids. A graphite furnace similar to those used for graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry can be used to vaporize the sample. Other devices including boats, ribbons, rods, and filaments, also can be used. The chosen device is heated in a series of steps to temperatures as high as 3000 K to produce a dry vapor and an aerosol, which are transported into the center of the plasma. A transient signal is produced due to matrix and element-dependent volatilization, so the detection system must be capable of time resolution better than 0.25 s. Concentration detection limits are typically 1-2 orders of magnitude better than those obtained via nebulization. Mass detection limits are typically in the range of tens of pg to ng, with a precision of 10% to 15%. 

P. W. J. M. Boumans. Line Coincidence Tables for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980, 1984. Lists of emission lines for analysis and potentially overlapping lines with relative intensities, using spectrometers with two different resolutions. 

Aluminium, boron, silicon Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ... 

Minganti V, Capelli R, Depellegrini R (1995) Evaluation of different derivatization methods for the multielement detection of Hg, Pb and Sn compounds by gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry in environmental samples. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 351 (4-5) 471 77. 

Chool, M. K., Todd, J. K., and Boyd, N. D. "Effect of Carbon Cup Aging on Plasma Zinc Determination by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry". Clin. Chem. (1975), 21, 632-634. 

Pt content determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Monolayer uptakes (P = 0) determined at 295 K. 

Moens L, Verreft P, Boonen S, Vanhaecke F and Dams R (1995) Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta 508 463-475. Mooijman KA, In t Veld PH, Hoekstra JA, Heisterkamp SH, Havelaar AH, Notermans SHW, Roberts D, Griepink B, Maier E (1992) Development of Microbiological Reference Materials. European Commission Report EUR 14375 EN, Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels. 

ScHiFFER U, Krivan V (i999) A graphite furnace electrothermal vaporization system for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chem 70 482-490. 

Verrept P, Dams R, Kurfurst U 1993) Electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of solid samples contribution to instrumentation and methodology. Fresenius 2 Anal Chem 345 1035-1041. 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

In modern times, most analyses are performed on an analytical instrument for, e.g., gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-violet/visible (UV) or infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mass spectrometry. Each of these instruments has a limitation on the amount of an analyte that they can detect. This limitation can be expressed as the IDL, which may be defined as the smallest amount of an analyte that can be reliably detected or differentiated from the background on an instrument. 

Gas and liquid chromatography directly coupled with atomic spectrometry have been reviewed [178,179], as well as the determination of trace elements by chromatographic methods employing atomic plasma emission spectrometric detection [180]. Sutton et al. [181] have reviewed the use and applications of ICP-MS as a chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic detector, whereas Niessen [182] has briefly reviewed the applications of mass spectrometry to hyphenated techniques. 

On the whole, the applications of plasma-source emission detection to GC in the field of polymer/additive analysis are limited. The same holds for GC-atomic absorption spectrometry [370]. 

Principles and Characteristics Plasma source techniques are more widely used in connection with liquid chromatography than atomic absorption spectrometry (see Section 7.3.3). ICP is a natural complement to liquid chromatography, and HPLC-ICP procedures... 

Both emission and absorption spectra are affected in a complex way by variations in atomisation temperature. The means of excitation contributes to the complexity of the spectra. Thermal excitation by flames (1500-3000 K) only results in a limited number of lines and simple spectra. Higher temperatures increase the total atom population of the flame, and thus the sensitivity. With certain elements, however, the increase in atom population is more than offset by the loss of atoms as a result of ionisation. Temperature also determines the relative number of excited and unexcited atoms in a source. The number of unexcited atoms in a typical flame exceeds the number of excited ones by a factor of 103 to 1010 or more. At higher temperatures (up to 10 000 K), in plasmas and electrical discharges, more complex spectra result, owing to the excitation to more and higher levels, and contributions of ionised species. On the other hand, atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, which require excitation by absorption of UV/VIS radiation, mainly involve resonance transitions, and result in very simple spectra. 

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