Acid black

Acid amide herbicides Acid anhydrides Acid azine dyes Acid-base catalysis Acid-base chemistry Acid Black [1064-48-8]... 

Naphthalenediol. This diol is prepared by the alkah fusion of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (Schaffer acid) at 290—295°C. Schaffer acid is usually produced by sulfonation of 2-naphthol with the addition of sodium sulfate at 85—105°C. This acid is also used as a coupling component in the production of a2o dyes such as Acid Black 26. 2,6-Naphthalenediol is used as a component in the manufacture of aromatic polyesters which, as is also tme of the corresponding amides, display Hquid crystal characteristics (52). 

Dyes in these classes are generally basic dyes ie, the chiomophoie is cationic. Some stmctures have been sulfonated to acid dyes, eg, the Nigrosine, (Cl Solvent Black 5 Cl 50415), (8) to Cl Acid Black 2 [8005-03-6] (Cl 50420) (9). 

Calcocid Blue Black Ex [1064-48-8] (28) (Cl Acid Black 1 Cl 20470) is an unsymmetrical primary disazo dye with bihmctional coupling component (H-acid). 

Acid Brown 14 (27) (2 mol of naphthionic acid, ie, 4-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1 mol resorcinol) and Acid Black 1 (28). Two other azo acid blacks. Acid Black 52 (43) and Acid Black 63 (44) are both metallized with chromium. 

Another class of metal complex dyes is derived from the formazan stmcture. These dyes are appHed to wool and nylon from a neutral or weakly acidic dyebath analogous to the 2 1 premetallized OjO -dihydroxyazo complexes. The bluish-gray dye Cl Acid Black 180 [11103-91-6] (61) (Cl 13710) is a 2 1 cobalt complex of the formazan type. 

Acid Black 63 [32517-36-5] (Cl 12195) is a typical premera11i2ed dye. The commercial product contains some of the 1 2 chelate shown. 

Copper and chromium are used for complexing a number of dyes such as the coppered direct and reactive dyes for cotton and metaUi2ed and neutral metal complex acid dyes for nylon, wool, etc. Examples are Direct Blue 218 [28407-37-6] (Cl 24401) (317), Reactive Violet 2 [8063-57-8] (Cl 18157) (318), and Acid Black 52 [5610-64-0] (Cl 15711) (319). 

Fig. 3-2. Molecular electrostatic potential with 6-31G //3-21G basis set in the molecular plane of (ii)-nitrous acid. Black dots refer to four different protonation sites in potential minima. For values of isopotential contours see Nguyen and Hegarty, 1984.

Figure 6.8 Bjerrum plots for (a) benzoic acid (black circle = 87 mM, unfilled circle = 130 mM, gray cicle = 502mM), (b) benzydamine (black circle = 0.27 mM, unfilled circle = 0.41 mM, gray circle = 0.70 mM), and (c) acyclovir (black circle = 29 mM, unfilled circle = 46 mM). The dashed curves correspond to conditions under which no precipitation takes place.

Ozdemir G, Pazarbasi B, Kocyigit A, Omeroglu EE, Yasa I, Karaboz I (2008) Decolorization of Acid Black 210 by Vibrio harveyi TEMS1 a newly isolated bioluminescent bacterium from Izmir Bay Turkey. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24 1375-1381... 

Acid Red 14 Acid Red 1 Acid Yellow 23 Acid Black 1 Food Black 1 than AQDS... 

The immobilization of the white rot fungus F. trogii in Na-ALG beads allowed the decolorization of the dye Acid Black 52 in a stirred tank reactor operated in batch [55]. Three enzymes, laccase, MnP, LiP, secreted by fungus were reported during decolorization process. Results showed that laccase enzyme activity increased with increasing alginate concentration from 0 to 4%. Cell growth at immobilized cultivation was maintained more stably than suspended cultivation. Total amount of removed dye was reported to be 469 mg/L for immobilized cultures and 440 mg/L for suspended cultures. 

Continuous culture of immobilized P. chrysosporium on PuF was studied for decolorization of 4 different azo dyes [57]. Acid Black 1, Basic Blue 41, Reactive Black 5, and Reactive Orange 16 (R016) were effectively decolorized depending on the dye concentration. 

Bacterial cells of Oenococcus oeni incubated for 48 h with three azo dyes (Fast red, Fast orange, and Methanil yellow) gave rise to decolorization due to adsorption, from 68% with Fast red to 30% with Fast orange and Methanil yellow [41]. Ozdemir et al. [44] observed a 93.9% decolorization of Acid Black 210 within 24 h by Vibrio harveyi TEMS1, a bioluminescent bacterium isolated from coastal seawater in Turkey. After extraction in methanol of biomass, the major part of the decolorized dye was recovered, indicating that decolorization was mainly due to... 

An inverse relation between the efficiency of decolorization and the dye concentration has frequently been observed. This fact can be ascribed to several factors, the main of which can be considered the toxicity of the dyes at higher concentrations [41, 45, 51-53]. With Reactive Red 3B-A, concentrations from 100 to 2,000 ppm were tested with C. bifermentans [5]. At concentrations less than 200 ppm, 90% decolorization within 12 h was observed, while at very high dye concentration (>1,000 ppm), the decolorization rate decreased. Khalid et al. [54] observed an inverse relationship between the velocity of the decolorization reaction and the dye concentrations between 100 and 500 mg L 1 azo dye (Reactive Black 5, Direct Red 81, Acid Red 88, and Disperse Orange 3) by Shewanella putrefaciens. A decrease in decolorization percentage at a Acid Black 210 initial concentration growing from 100 to 400 ppm was also observed with V. harveyi, but the decrease was low [44]. 

Acid—base reactions, anhydrous hydrazine, 13 567-568 Acid Black 63, 6 559 Acid blue, herbicide/algicide for aquaculture in U.S., 3 214t Acid catalysis, deep-ultraviolet chemically amplified resists based on, 15 163-181 Acid catalysts, 10 493. See also Acidic catalysts... 

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