Induction coupled plasma emission spectrometry

Atomic Absorption/Emission Spectrometry. Atomic absorption or emission spectrometric methods are commonly used for inorganic elements in a variety of matrices. The general principles and appHcations have been reviewed (43). Flame-emission spectrometry allows detection at low levels (10 g). It has been claimed that flame methods give better reproducibiHty than electrical excitation methods, owing to better control of several variables involved in flame excitation. Detection limits for selected elements by flame-emission spectrometry given in Table 4. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry may also be employed. 

Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Solids (2nd Edition) [including Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Some Solids by Barium Sulphate Gravimetry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by direct Barium Titrimetry, Sulphate in waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by a Continuous Elow Indirect Spectrophotometric Method Using 2-Aminoperimidine, Sulphate in waters by Elow Injection Analysis Using a Turbidimetric Method, Sulphate in waters by Ion Chromatography, Sulphate in waters by Air-Segmented Continuous Elow Colorimetry using Methylthymol Blue], 1988... 

Boumans PWJM (1991) Measuring detection limits in inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry using the SBR-RSDB approach -I.A tutorial discussion of the theory. Spectrochim Acta 46B 431... 

Hioki et al. [215] have described an on-line determination of dissolved silica in seawater by ion exclusion chromatography in combination with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. 

This method was developed as a second independent method to complement the usual colorimetric procedure in the determination of a certified concentration of dissolved silica in a seawater reference material. Ion exclusion affords a separation of the dissolved silica not only from major seawater cations but also from potentially interfering anions. The detection unit limit, conservatively estimated at 2.3 ng/g Si (0.08. im), is superior to that achievable by direct analysis using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. 

Mykytiuk et al. [184] have described a stable isotope dilution sparksource mass spectrometric method for the determination of cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, uranium, and iron in seawater, and have compared results with those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. These workers found that to achieve the required sensitivity it was necessary to preconcentrate elements in the seawater using Chelex 100 [121] followed by evaporation of the desorbed metal concentrate onto a graphite or silver electrode for isotope dilution mass spectrometry. 

It has been reported that the differential determination of arsenic [36-41] and also antimony [42,43] is possible by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The HGA-AS is a simple and sensitive method for the determination of elements which form gaseous hydrides [35,44-47] and mg/1 levels of these elements can be determined with high precision by this method. This technique has also been applied to analyses of various samples, utilising automated methods [48-50] and combining various kinds of detection methods, such as gas chromatography [51], atomic fluorescence spectrometry [52,53], and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry [47]. 

The content of heavy metals in sediments was determined by sample digestion with 10 ml of the mixture of HCI04, HCI, HN03 and HF at 200°C, followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP) (ACME, 2003). 

Hatcher, H., Tite, M.S. and Walsh, J.N. (1995). A comparison of inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry analysis on standard reference silicate materials and ceramics. Archaeometry 37 83-94. 

Soltanpour PN, Johnson GW, Workman SM, Jones JB, Jr., Miller RO. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. In Bartels JM (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Methods. Madison, WI Soil Science Society of America and Agronomy Society of America 1996, pp. 91-139. 

Bethell. P. H. and Smith, J. U. (1989). Trace-element analysis of an inhumation from Sutton Hoo, using inductively coupled plasma emission-spectrometry - an evaluation of the technique applied to analysis of organic residues. Journal of Archaeological Science 16 47-55. 

Hart, F. A. and Adams, S. J. (1983). The chemical-analysis of Romano-British pottery from the Alice Holt forest, Hampshire, by means of inductively-coupled plasma emission-spectrometry. Archaeometry 25 179-185. 

Wanatabe et al. [57] have described a method for the separation and determination of siloxanes in sediment, using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The organosilicon extract with petroleum ether is evaporated to dryness. The damp residue is dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone, aspirated into the plasma. The detection limit is O.Olmg kg-1. Recoveries are about 50% with a coefficient of variation of about 11%. 

Analytical Techniques Atomic absorption spectrometry, 158, 117 multielement atomic absorption methods of analysis, 158, 145 ion microscopy in biology and medicine, 158, 157 flame atomic emission spectrometry, 158, 180 inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry, 158, 190 inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, 158, 205 atomic fluorescence spectrometry, 158, 222 electrochemical methods of analysis, 158, 243 neutron activation analysis, 158, 267. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Parts I and II, Boumans, P.W.J.M. (Ed.), Wiley, New York, 1987. A comprehensive account of the subject, with good chapters on theory, though now becoming dated. 

R. Fobinski, W. Van Borm, J. A. C. Broekaert, P. Tschoepel and G. Toelg, Optimisation of slurry nebulisation inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry for the analysis of zirconia powder, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 342(7), 1992, 563-568. 

Analysis of major elements (except Si) and total phosphorus on bomb-digested samples was accomplished by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP, ARL model 34,000). Silicon was analyzed colorimetrically (14). Phosphorus in total digests was also determined colorimetrically by the method of Murphy and Riley (15), as modified by Erickson (16). To avoid interference from fluoride ion used in the digestion technique, sample volumes were restricted to <1.5 mL in the standard P analytical protocol. 

Recommended Wavelength and the Instrument Detection Level in Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry... 

Boron may also be measured by inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry (NIOSH Method 7300, 1989). 

Cox and Mcleod66 passed their water samples through activated alumina microcolumns in the field, isolating and retaining both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species. The microcolumns were then returned to the laboratory and inserted into a flow injection inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry (FI-ICP-ES) system for elution and quantification (the lowest results reported are around 40 nM). The pretreatment of the microcolumns and the FI-ICP-ES method was, however, complicated and time-consuming. Recently, Dogutan et al.67 and Latif et al.68 preconcentrated the Cr species on an exchange column and first eluted one species, and subsequently both of them. 

Tao et al. [765] describe a unique method combining gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Beryllium is extracted from a non saline water sample with acetylacetone into chloroform and concentrated by evaporation. 

Hartshome, J. A. Speciation by Carbon Phase Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry and Studies of Aerosol Formation and Characteristics, M. S. Thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1996. 

Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry is a standard method for trace elemental analysis. While sensitive and selective, these instruments are large and require considerable support solutions... 

The elements Al, Mn, and Sr were determined by means of a Perkin-Elmer Optima 4300DV inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) instrument (axial mode), equipped with an AS-90 Plus autosampler, a cross-flow nebulizer, and a Scott-type spray chamber in Ryton. The instrumental operating parameters are listed in Table 10.1. 

N. Ulrich, Determination of antimony species with fluoride as modifier and flow injection hydride generation inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 417 (2000), 201-209. 

New methodologies for the laboratory analysis of cations and metals include the use of inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP/ES) or the combinahon of ICP with mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) (e.g., Ivahnenko et al., 2001). The advantages of plasma techniques include (i) a wide and linear dynamic concen-trahon range (ii) multi-element capabihty and (iii) relatively free of matrix interferences. The use of ion chromatography (1C), gas chromatography (GC), and GC/MS has increased for the analysis of anions and dissolved organics (Barth, 1987 Kharaka and Thordsen, 1992 Ivahnenko et al., 2001). 

Dubuisson C, Poussel E, Mermet J-M. Comparison of axially and radially viewed inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry in terms of signal-to-background ratio effects. J Anal Atom Spectrom 1997 12 281-6. 

Boom, A.W. and Browner, R.F. (1987) Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Part II, Applications and Fundamentals, P.WJ.M. Boumans (Ed.), New York Wiley-Interscience, ppl51-216. 

Extensive analytical efforts to fully characterize the oil shales are underway at Exxon Research and Engineering Company s Baytown Laboratories. No significant losses of any metals of concern are observed during high temperature ashing. An alternate means of rapid ash determination uses a Parr combustion bomb. The ash can be dissolved by alkaline fusion in a Claisse fluxer or by acid dissolution in a Parr bomb. The solutions thus prepared are analyzed by atomic absorption or by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry for major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si, Ti) and trace elements (As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Sr, U, V, Zn). Kerogen enriched shales need to be ashed before the dissolution, otherwise low recoveries are obtained. Overall accuracy and precision of metals determination is within... 

Analysis of Sediment-Trap Material. The freeze-dried material from the sediment traps was digested with HCl-HN03 in a microwave digestion device (MLS-1200). Teflon beakers, cleaned with NH03, were used. Fe, Mn, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Cr were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, P by the molybdate spectrophotometric method (25) and organic C and N on a C, H, N analyzer (Heraeus). 

The carbon fiber support and the catalysts before and after reduction were characterized with various techniques, viz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), Nz-physisorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (Vista AZ CCD simultaneous ICP-AES) and hydrogen chemisorption. 

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