Atomic spectrometry inductively coupled plasma-optical emission

Berndt et al. [740] have shown that traces of bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, indium, nickel, lead, thallium, and zinc could be separated from samples of seawater, mineral water, and drinking water by complexation with the ammonium salt of pyrrolidine- 1-dithiocarboxylic acid, followed by filtration through a filter covered with a layer of active carbon. Sample volumes could range from 100 ml to 10 litres. The elements were dissolved in nitric acid and then determined by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

Atomic techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AA), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for metal analysis.190-192 A content uniformity analysis of a calcium salt API tablet formulation by ICP-AES exhibited significantly improved efficiency and fast analysis time (1 min per sample) compared to an HPLC method.193... 

Once the sample is in solution in the acid and the digest made up to a standard volume the determination of metals is completed by standard procedures such as atomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

Atomic emission spectrometry is not sufficiently sensitive to determining molybdenum at the levels at which it occurs in soils. Due to its greater intrinsic sensitivity, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is capable of achieving the required sensitivity. Manzoori [168] has utilised inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine down to 0.01 mg/1 molybdenum in 1 M ammonium acetate extracts of soils. 

In both total and sequential dissolutions, the result is a solution containing the components of rocks and soils. This solution is then analyzed by different methods. Mostly, spectroscopic methods are used atomic absorption and emission spectroscopic methods, ultraviolet, atom fluorescence, and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Multielement methods (e.g., inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) obviously have some advantages. Moreover, elec-troanalytical methods, ion-selective electrodes, and neutron activation analysis can also be applied. Spectroscopic methods can also be combined with mass spectrometry. 

Furthermore, it is desired that atomization and excitation occur in an inert chemical environment to minimize possible interferences. Different flame, spark, and arc somces have been used as the excitation sources since the beginning of the twentieth century however, none of these approximates the fiiU fist of conditions fisted above. It was not until mid-1960s when the analytically useful plasma sources were developed, subsfantially improving fhe capabilities of OES. The first commercially available inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was introduced in 1974 and since then the revival of OES can be noted. 

Einhauser, T.J., Galanski, M., Keppler, B.K. Determination of platinum in protein-bound CDDP and DPD by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11, 747-750 (1996)... 

Highly sensitive instmmental techniques, such as x-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, have wide application for the analysis of silver in a multitude of materials. In order to minimize the effects of various matrices in which silver may exist, samples are treated with perchloric or nitric acid. Direct-aspiration atomic absorption (25) and inductively coupled plasma (26) have silver detection limits of 10 and 7 flg/L, respectively. The use of a graphic furnace in an atomic absorption spectrograph lowers the silver detection limit to 0.2 a.g/L. 

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS) e.g. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)... 

In the last 20 years atomic spectroscopy has made great strides, particularly with the introduction of new improved optic designs and detection methods. These improvements have led to superior resolution of the wavelengths of the excited atoms and detection techniques measuring lower levels of metals with ease. After a slow and problematic start, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) has become an established technique in most laboratories analysing a wide range of sample matrices reporting accurate and precise results. 

Each experiment was accortqjanied the determination of Pd in solution after hot filtration of the solid catalyst at the end of the reaction. Because simple Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was found to not be precise enough for the palladium analysis in this concentration range (detection limit too high.) ICP-OES and/or ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy or Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry) were applied. To first approximation, the Pd leaching could not be correlated with the properties of the twelve different Pd/C catalysts described above ((1) Correlation of catalyst structure and activity.) There is, however, a strong correlation with the reaction parameters as described below. 

Trace amounts of titanium can be determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, neutron activation analysis (NAA), atomic absorption techniques (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In case of AAS, a high-temperature flame (nitrous oxide, acetylene) is essential, and the optimum wavelengths are 364.3 and 365.4 nm the sensitivity is low. With the graphite furnace, a lower detection limit of approximately 0.5 xg L can be achieved. ICP-OES is especially sensitive, and is the recommended instrumental... 

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES surface water samples have concentrations ranging from 5 to 336 pg/L seawater concentration 3.0 pg/L highly persistent in water, with a half-life of more than 200 days can be detected in water by digestion followed by silver diethyldithiocar-bamate, atomic adsorption, or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry... 

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES highly persistent in water, half-life >200 days can be detected in water by digestion followed by atomic absorption of chlorimetric analysis or by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry dissolved form is detected by 0.45p filtration followed by the previous methods... 

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES not likely to migrate to groundwater uptake by plants is generally low chromium compounds are very persistent in water, half-life >200 days most in surface waters may be present in particulate form as sediment Cr (IV) is the major stable form in seawater can be detected in water by digestion followed by atomic absorption or by colorimetry analysis or by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry chromium (IV) can be detected by extraction and atomic adsorption or colorimetry dissolved forms can be detected by 0.45 p filtration followed by the previous methods... 

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES the biological half-life for lead in the bones of humans is 10 yrs can be detected in water by atomic adsorption or by colorimetric analysis or by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, dissolved lead by 0.45 micron filtration prior to such analysis... 

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