Increasing specificity

How is the binding specificity of the heterodimer achieved compared with the specificity of Mat a2 alone The crystal structure rules out the simple model that the contacts made between the Mat a2 homeodomain and DNA are altered as a result of heterodimerization. The contacts between the Mat o2 homeodomain and DNA in the heterodimer complex are virtually indistinguishable from those seen in the structure of the Mat o2 monomer bound to DNA. However, there are at least two significant factors that may account for the increased specificity of the heterodimer. First, the Mat al homeodomain makes significant contacts with the DNA, and the heterodimeric complex will therefore bind more tightly to sites that provide the contacts required by both partners. Second, site-directed mutagenesis experiments have shown that the protein-protein interactions involving the... 

Evaporative cooling only Increased moisture content and. ipecific volume decreased dry- and wet-biilb tempera turc increased specific enrhalpy and % saturation Washer... 

Based on available results, it can be summarized that the particle size of tantalum powder increases (specific charge decreases) with the increase in temperature, K2TaF7 concentration and excess sodium. In addition, an increase in the specific surface area of the melt and Na/K ratio also leads to the formation of coarser tantalum powder. The most important conclusion is that for the production of finer tantalum powders with higher specific charges, the concentration of K2TaF7 in the melt must be relatively low. This effect is the opposite of that observed in the electrochemical reduction of melts. 

Exploding bridgewire initiation of PETN was studied by Blackburn Reithel (Ref 9). They observed that transition to detonation is aided by fineness (actually increased specific surface) of the PETN particles... 

The Production Department was not amused, because lower values had been expected. Quality Control was blamed for using an insensitive, unse-lective, and imprecise test, and thereby unnecessarily frightening top management. This outcome had been anticipated, and a better method, namely polarography, was already being set up. The same samples were run, this time in duplicate, with much the same results. A relative confidence interval of 25% was assumed. Because of increased specificity, there were now less doubts as to the amounts of this particular heavy metal that were actually present. To rule out artifacts, the four samples were sent to outside laboratories to do repeat tests with different methods X-ray fluorescence (XRFi °) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). The confidence limits were determined to be 10% resp. 3%. Figure 4.23 summarizes the results. Because each method has its own specificity pattern, and is subject to intrinsic artifacts, a direct statistical comparison cannot be performed without first correcting the apparent concentrations in order to obtain presumably true... 

This breakdown of economic drivers is important - and parallels the discussion in Section 14.7.8. Thus, in assessing the benefits of B2C it is essential to consider whether they are most likely to be from cost reduction or yield increase. Specifically, it may be noted that [34] the adoption of best reactor technology will be favored where value is driven by yield increase. Where the emphasis is on cost... 

Muller U, Fricker M, Wymann D, Blaser K, Crameri R Increased specificity of diagnostic tests with recombinant major bee venom allergen phosphoh-pase A2. Clin Exp Allergy 1997 27 915-920. 

Strains Protein (mg ml ) ENDO-P (Umf ) relative increase (%) specific activity (U mg prof )... 

The chemist should recognize the requirements for a new agricultural chemical—effectiveness, economy, specificity, and safety. His responsibilities are to effect cooperation with all contributing researchers, increase specificity of action, make available the most practical materials we have today, and develop new chemicals which better fulfill the over-all requirements. 

Serological techniques can detect target bacteria rapidly in mixtures, but their accuracy depends on the specificity of the antibody used. The use of monoclonal instead of polyclonal antibodies may increase specificity.49,52,58 However, because the same epitope can be present in more than one species, a monoclonal antibody against one species may cross-react with other bacteria.50 For this reason serological methods are not always successful for detection of bacteria in environmental samples and nucleic acid-based methods are now commonly used. 

Electrospray (ESI) ionization mass spectrometry also plays in important role in bacterial characterization. Because it typically includes a chromatographic separation step, the approach is not considered as rapid as MALDI approaches, which do not incorporate a separation. However, compared to the times needed to grow bacteria in culture prior to analysis, the time frame is not lengthy, and the addition of chromatographic separation provides many opportunities to increase specificity. ESI/MS has been used to characterize cellular biomarkers for metabolic, genomic, and proteomics fingerprinting of bacteria, and these approaches are reported in two chapters. 

The drying speed increases with increasing specific surface of the product. 

Figure 2. Schematic visualisation of how increased specific substrate affinity resulting in lowered cell surface substrate concentration (a) and closer approach to a substrate source, e.g. by attachment to the substrate (b) steepens concentration gradients and thereby increases the diffusion flux from a distant substrate source (c

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