Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICPMS

4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) 

Fundamentals. Mass spectroscopy of species released from a suitable electrode by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) can be detected online by moving the electrolyte solution from the electrode into the ionization chamber of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In the electrically generated plasma with a temperature of several thousand Kelvin, both metals and nonmetals are simply ionized. Using ASV, both preconcentration of the species to be measured (mostly heavy ions like Cd + or Cu +) and removal over other interfering cations can be afforded [857]. 

Instrumentation. Application in determination of As(III) and Se(IV) species with ICPMS coupled directly with a porous gold-plated carbon electrode (reticulated vitreous carbon) that is operated in the anodic stripping mode has been reported [858] similar studies of Cr(IV) and V(V) [859] and Cu and Cd [860] determination are available. 

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In contrast to thermal ionization methods, where the tracer added must be of the same element as the analyte, tracers of different elemental composition but similar ionization efficiency can be utilized for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) analysis. Hence, for ICPMS work, uranium can be added to thorium or radium samples as a way of correcting for instrumental mass bias (e g., Luo et al. 1997 Stirling et al. 2001 Pietruszka et al. 2002). The only drawback of this approach is that small inter-element (e g., U vs. Th) biases may be present during ionization or detection that need to be considered and evaluated (e.g., Pietruszka et al. 2002). 

This presentation will summarize developments in laser ablation with emphasis on LIBS (laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as analytical tools for real time chemical analysis (Fig. 1) (Russo et al. 

Atomic spectrometric methods Here, the entire sample is atomized or ionized either by flame or inductively coupled plasma and transferred into the detector. The most common techniques in this class are flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). A general characteristic of these methods is the determination of the total concentration of the analyte without the direct possibility of distinguishing its specific forms in the sample. 

In the test method, the coal or coke to be analyzed is ashed under controlled conditions, digested by a mixture of aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid, and finally dissolved in 1% nitric acid. The concentration of individual trace elements is determined by either inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Selected elements that occur at concentrations below the detection limits of ICPAES can be analyzed quantitatively by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAA). 

Kim et al. [30] have demonstrated good agreement between methods of determining 237neptunium in soils, based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and a-spectrometry. Kim et al. [30] determined the 240plutonium to 239plutonium ratio in soils using the fission track method and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). 

The availability of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) has provided a method of detection of many impurities at very low concentrations directly in the organometallic compound itself. ICP mass spectrometry is a relatively recently developed chemical analysis technique that is useful in the detection of trace element concentrations in a liquid or solid matrix. ICPMS can measure the presence of almost all elements simultaneously, thus giving a detailed, semiquantitative picture of the impurity distribution in the sample. This technique has sensitivities for many elements in the parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion range. It has the advantage that it is extremely sensitive and can analyze small samples (10 ml or less) of organometallics directly. The ICPMS technique employs a plasma to dissociate the material to be characterized into... 

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). 68... 

Nygren, Y., Hemstrdm, P., Astot, C., Naredi, P., Bjorn, E. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) utilizing a mobile phase with a low-volatile organic modifier for the determination of cisplatin, and its monohydrolyzed metabolite. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 948-954 (2008)... 

There are many methods for metal determination (Standard Methods, 1998 section 3000). Some, for example as gravimetric, titrimetric or colorimetric methods, are most effective at high metal concentrations. Others, for example atomic absorption (AA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) are far more sensitive. The latter are used for typical textile applications, such as compliance testing for water quality or detection of trace impurities in high-volume raw materials. 

Total Hg determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) after microwave digestion with HNO, and reduction with SnCl, (Lab.09)... 

New methods for analyzing Hg in biological samples have been developed such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) (Kalamegham and Ash 1992). Most of the new methods are expensive and beyond the reach of most laboratories. The cost is approximately 150,000-250,000 for the instrument and more than 35,000 a year for gases and maintenance costs. 

These methods include X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Welz and Sperling 1999) the respective detection limits of these methods are summarized in Table 19.1. Also listed are the detection limits for the metallochromic ligand complexes separated by reverse phase-high-per-formance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). These ligands include 4-(2-pyridyla-... 

Mass Spectrometric Detection. The very small volumetric flow rates of less than 1 pi,/min from electrophoresis capillaries make it feasible to couple the effluent directly to the Ionization source of a mass spectrometer. The most common sample-introduction and ionization interface for this purpose is currently electrospray (Section 20B-4), although fast atom bombardment, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) have also been used. Because the liquid sample must be vaporized before entering the mass spectrometry (MS) system. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) is nowadays the method of choice in many stndies dne to its sensitivity, simplicity (sample preparation is rarely required), cost, throughput, and availability of isotopic composition information. Several examples of deployment of ICPMS for all kinds of assays will be presented throughout this chapter. 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is currently the method of choice in many laboratories for determination of uranium in urine and other... 

A powerful technique for the separation and speciation of volatile orga-nometalic compounds is capillary gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) The main advantage of GC-ICPMS is that the total analyte is transferred into the ICPMS without loss due to nebulization. In some instances the interface does not require any changes in the ICP and can be completed in a relatively short time. Applications of GC/ICPMS include analysis of organometallic components. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS), A major advance in analyses of both lead concentrations and isotopic compositions has been the development of ICPMS. Since the first commercial instrument was introduced in 1983 (Houk and Thompson 1988), this method has rapidly assumed a prominent position in many research laboratories (e.g., Barnes 1991 Hieftje and Vickers 1989). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometers, in which the sample is introduced into a plasma with excitation temperatures (> 5000°K) that efficiently atomize and ionize lead into a mass spectrometer (quadrapole or magnetic sector), are becoming relatively inexpensive and efficient alternatives to TIMS and other established methods (AAS, XRFA, ASV, ICP-AES) (Barnes 1991 Delves and Campbell 1988). 

We consider the determination of the concentration of elements in various materials studied in agricultural and environmental applications, by the use of the following methods atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) using a flame (FAAS) or a graphite furnace (GFAAS) as an atom cell inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The analytical characteristics of the methods as normally practised are compared with the requirements of fitness for purpose in the examination of soils and sediments, waters, dusts and air particulates, and animal and plant tissue. However, there are numerous specialized techniques that cannot be included here. 

Samples were prepared for analysis in the same way as for the columns, with the exception that they were digested in concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid and analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). 

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