Consultancy

TRACS International has provided training and consultancy In Exploration and Production related issues for many clients world-wide since 1992. This book has gradually developed from course materials, discussions with clients and material available in the public domain. 

To allow objectivity of the findings, ElA s are usually carried out by independent specialists or organisations. It will involve not only scientific experts, but also require consultation with official and representative bodies such as the government ministries for the environment, fisheries, food, agriculture, and local water authorities. In activities which may impact on local population (terminals, refineries, access roads, land developments) local representatives of the inhabitants may be consulted, and the public affairs function... 

Public consultation and participation aims to assure the quality, comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the EIA, as well as to ensure that the public s views are adequately taken into consideration in the decision-making process. 

Decision-making on the project involves a consideration by the relevant authority of the EIS (including consultation responses) together with any material considerations. 

The maps most frequently consulted in field development are structural maps and reservoir quality maps. Commonly a set of maps will be constructed for each drainage unit. 

Standardisation of equipment items is an area for potential cost savings, both in terms of capital expenditure (capex) and operating expenditure (opex), and is a decision which should be taken In consultation with the production operations department at the FDP stage. Standardisation can be applied to equipment items ranging from drilling platforms to valves. The benefits of standardisation are ... 

The planning of decommissioning activities involves extensive periods of consultations with the relevant authorities and interested parties, such as fishing and environmental groups. 

The second main testing task was to localize the position of the next duct and to establish a, more than likely regular, grid. After consulting the owner s engineers it could only be estimated, that the grid would be between 1 - 4m. We then conducted a continious scan over a full length of 4m. 

Harmonised standards are technical specifications adopted by one of the European standards organisations following a mandate issued by the European Commission on which Member States were consulted. When published by the Commission in the Official Journal of the European Communities, the hamionised standards give presumption of confomiity to the essential requirements they specify. This means that manufacturers applying these standards do not have to demonstrate the compliance of the manufactured products with the relevant requirements of the directive. 

A large percentage of eddy-current inspections are conducted in the field, away from the home base and often in remote or inaccessible locations. Using local telephone lines or mobile phone lines would allow the inspector to beam his data back to the office. In this way highly qualified personnel can be consulted when problems or difficult to interpret results occur. Inspectors no longer need to feel isolated on site. 

B. V. Deijaguin, N. V. Churaev, and V. M. Muller, Surface Forces, translation from Russian by V. I. Kisin, J. A. Kitchener, Eds., Consultants Bureau, New York, 1987. 

The exact methods employed to prepare any particular surface for study vary from material to material, and are usually detennined empirically. In some respects, sample preparation is more of an art than a science. Thus, it is always best to consult the literature to look for preparation methods before starting with a new material. 

Deqaguin B V 1934 Research In Surface Forces (New York Consultants Bureau)... 

Pletcher D 1991 First Course in Electrode Processes (Romsey The Electrochemical Consultancy)... 

The study of quautum effects associated with nuclear motion is a distinct field of chemistry, known as quantum molecular dynamics. This section gives an overview of the methodology of the field for fiirtlier reading, consult [1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,]. 

Finally, this section is related to several others, especially Sections A3.11 on fomial scattering, which should be carefiilly consulted. 

Clearly, this is not the place to give a comprehensive introduction to lUPAC nomenclature. Interested readers should consult the literature dted in Refs. [4—6]. Our aim here is to provide some basic understanding of the lUPAC system. 

Unfortunately, in most cases not all the available information on a reaction is given in the reaction equation in a publication, and even less so in reaction databases. To obtain a fuller picture of the reaction that was performed, the text describing the experimental procedure in the publication or a lab journal) would have to be consulted. Reaction products that are considered as trivial, such as water, alcohol, ammonia, nitrogen, etc., are generally not included in the reaction equation or mentioned in the text describing the experimental work. This poses serious problems for the automatic identification of the reaction center. It is highly desirable to have the full stoichiometry of a reaction specified in the equation. 

The method that was developed builds on computed values of physicochemical effects and uses neural networks for classification. Therefore, for a deeper understanding of this form of reaction classification, later chapters should be consulted on topics such as methods for the calculation of physicochemical effects (Section 7.1) and artificial neural networks (Section 9.4). 

Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) is far more than just another format of a data container flat file [7]. As is clear from the name, it is an XML-based markup language delivering all the power of XML. Readers are recommended to consult Section 2.4.5 and the website www.xml.org for more details on XML and its applications in chemistry. 

If users are inexperienced in searching for information, they should first consult search engines, meta-databases or portals (Table 5-6). Searchers who are familiar with databases may consult known databases (numeric databases, bibliographic databases, etc.) directly, being aware that they might miss new data sources (see Section 5.18). The reliability and quality of data are only given in peer-reviewed data sources. 

Because of the complexity of the problem and the large amount of program development work that has to go into a synthesis design system, only a few groups worldwide have been active in this area. Here, we mention only a selection of the major ideas and achievements in this area. It is not the intention to give a comprehensive overview. For this, interested readers can consult Chapter X, Section 3.2 in the Handbook. This chapter presents one such system, the WODCA program, in greater detail. 

A. Flanagan, M. Steiner, Boston Consulting Croup Report 2001,... 

Th IS section describes the basics of HyperCh em s si m pie molecular orbital calculations, ft interprets IlyperChem "s resii Its rather than introducing qiianium chemistry. For a complete discussion, yon should consult textbooks in c iiantnm chemistry, such as I. X. Levine, Quanium Chemixiry, 3rd Etiiiion. Allyn and Bacon. 1986 ... 

It should be emphasised that all the processes here described are considered essentially from the practical standpoint. The student should always acquaint himself with the theoretical basis of these operations, for which he should consult any standard text-book of physical chemistry this applies particularly to such processes as the distillation of constant boiling-point mixtures, steam-distillation, ether extraction, etc. 

The student who is interested in details of the physical principles involved and of further applications of ion exchange should consult Ion Exchanges in Organic and Biochemistry by Calvin Calmon and T. R. E. Kressman. (Inter- cience Publication Inc., New York.)... 

Nitrobenzene. Usually rather a troublesome solvent, as it is markedly hygroscopic and the freezing-point of the solvent itself tends to fall steadily moreover it is, like benzene, an associating solvent. For a modification of the above freezing-point apparatus, by which the determination may be made in the absence of water-vapour, the student should consult an advanced textbook of practical physical chemistry. 

Enzymes may be described a organic catalysts of biological origin. The majority are obtained from the interior of cells, but some are obtained from natural secretions such as the digestive juices and milk. For a full discussion of the nature of enzymes and the mechanism of their reactions the student should consult a work such as Chemistry and Methods of Enzymes, by J. B. Sumner and G. F. Somers (Academic Press, New York), or Enzymes, by M. Dixon and E. C. Webb[(Longman Group Ltd.). The following points should however be noted ... 

Note that different spreadsheets and different versions of the same spreadsheet vary in the details of the calculation but that the basic idea for all is to cany out the calculation for the top cell and fill in the remaining cells in the same column with the mouse—a very convenient technique for simple calculations on large data sets. Consult the Help section of your spreadsheet for specific details. 

We have assumed that the order of the subscripts on the atomic orbitals p is immaterial in writing a, p, and S. In the general case, these assumptions are not self-evident, especially for p. The interested reader should consult a good quantum mechanics text (e.g., Hanna, 1981 McQuarrie, 1983 Atkins and Eriedman, 1997) for their justification or critique. 

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