Markup languages

It is useful to be able to control the behavior of the TTS system at run time. While global parameters can be set in a number of ways, often it is useful to have very precise instructions which affect specified words. This is most effectively done by interleaving instructions to the TTS system with the actual text to be spoken. In older TTS systems, it was common for each to have its own type of markup. So for example in the Bell Labs system [411], there are special sequences of escape characters that help the user specify what behaviour the system is to follow. 

The speech synthesis markup languages followed a similar philosophy, so instead of specifying that a word should be spoken at 150Hz (which would have different effects for different speakers), instead more abstract or logical instructions are used, which for instance state that a particular word is to be emphasised. A few simple examples will now be explored. 

This tag can be used s to override the decisions of the s sentence splitting algorithm. 

Sometimes ue emphasis need /emphasis to give a word special emphasis. 

This tag indicates that a sentence break should be placed at this point. It is a good way for the author to override any possible shortcomings in the sentence-splitting algorithm. 

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CML. cml Chemical Markup Language extension of XML with specialization in chemistry nmjw.xml-crrd.org 57-59... 

Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) is far more than just another format of a data container flat file [7]. As is clear from the name, it is an XML-based markup language delivering all the power of XML. Readers are recommended to consult Section 2.4.5 and the website www.xml.org for more details on XML and its applications in chemistry. 

HTML - hypertext markup language. The language of the Internet. 

Documents should be provided, where possible, as individual Portable Document Format (PDF) files, while Extensible Markup Language (XML) must be used to provide a user interface that enables navigation and viewing via a standard web browser. This offers the potential for an applicant to make a compete submission on... 

Hucka M, Finney A, Sauro HM, Bolouri H, Doyle JC, Kitano H, et al. The systems biology markup language (SBML) a medium for representation and exchange of biochemical network models. Bioinformatics 2003 19 524-31. 

As stated on the OMG (Object Management) website (http //www.omg. org/), a lack of data standards results in data conversions, loss of information, lack of interoperability, etc. Current standards du jour are XML (Extensible Markup Language) [17], LSID (Life Sciences Identifiers), and now the RDF (Resource Description Framework) from the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), which is extensible though hard to implement. Substantial work on OO (Object Oriented) modeling of life science data types takes place at the OMG s LSR (Life Sciences Research) group—this is discussed below. 

Murray-Rust P, Rzepa HS. Chemical Markup Language and XML Part I. Basic Principles. / Chem Inform Comput Sci 1999 39 928-42. 

This method of data collection uses Portable Document Format (PDF) Forms. This approach is flexible and inexpensive. A number of commercial software packages such as Adobe Acrobat, LaText, and Microsoft Word and free software such as Python and R are used to create the PDF forms. Paper copies of the PDF forms may be used as an intermediate data collection. Electronic versions are completed at each site with Adobe Reader software. Completed forms are submitted on a CD or faxed as Extended Markup Language (XML)... 

There are two things that you may notice when looking at the lab normal data represented as XML. First, the file seems verbose. Whereas previously the lab normal file could be represented with three lines of pipe-delimited text, XML represents the same data with 30 lines of text. Second, you can read and somewhat understand the XML file just by looking at it if you know a markup language such as HTML or SGML. Let s look at how we can import these XML data into SAS. 

RTF stands for Rich Text Format, which is Microsoft s open markup language for defining the content of documents. If you have an RTF file, simply clicking on it within a Microsoft Windows environment causes Microsoft Word or WordPad to open the file. There are several ways to create RTF files, and thus Microsoft Word files, with SAS. 

Systems Development Life Cycle 299 Modeling Tools 300 Markup Languages 300... 

Extensible Markup Language (XML), in its various forms, is rapidly emerging as the dominant data format across all computer... 

ISO 2008. ISO/lEC 29500-1 2008 Information technology — Document description and processing languages — Office Open XML File Formats — Part 1 Fundamentals and Markup Language Reference... 

Geography Markup Language (GML) Encoding Standard. Version 3.2.1. Open Geospatial Consortium Inc. 

SBML [200, 201] The Systems Biology Markup Language http //www. sbml.org/... 

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