Potential cost

Standardisation of equipment items is an area for potential cost savings, both in terms of capital expenditure (capex) and operating expenditure (opex), and is a decision which should be taken In consultation with the production operations department at the FDP stage. Standardisation can be applied to equipment items ranging from drilling platforms to valves. The benefits of standardisation are ... 

Duplex stainless steels (ca 4% nickel, 23% chrome) have been identified as having potential appHcation to nitric acid service (75). Because they have a lower nickel and higher chromium content than typical austenitic steels, they provide the ductabdity of austenitic SS and the stress—corrosion cracking resistance of ferritic SS. The higher strength and corrosion resistance of duplex steel offer potential cost advantages as a material of constmction for absorption columns (see CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL). 

Figure 1.11 The potential cost of safety critical failures...

We will now consider calculating the potential costs of failure in more detail for the cover support leg shown earlier. The process for calculating the failure costs for a component is as follows ... 

The methodology of McHugh (McHugh, R.T., The Economics of Waste Minimization, McGraw-Hill Book Publishers, 1990) relies on four tiers of potential costs ... 

In addition to varying in costs, the chemical composition of the water provided from the mains supply also varies between the water companies, as may that between independent supplies within each company s area. The current criterion on potable water quality requires it to be wholesome i.e. it should not create a health hazard, with relatively wide limits on particular constituents. The cost of removing these constituents (e.g. calcium, magnesium, chlorides, iron and silica) increases with concentration and variability. This imposes a cost burden on, for example, the semiconductor and electronic component industries and on the operation of high-pressure boilers. Therefore both the potential cost of metered water supply and the chemical composition of the supply waters may influence future decisions on the water company s area in which an industry may wish to locate. 

The overall design process depends on the use of codes of practice and specifications, and to an increasing extent on computer-based techniques. The potential cost of delay is therefore a strong incentive to the use of standard solutions, compatible with the codes of practice , and to develop ways of using the computer to provide corrosion information and knowledge, or to improve prediction of corrosion behaviour. Note that both points relate to the use of existing knowledge, in the sense of an important conclusion of the Hoar Report. ... 

The very first question that comes to mind when dealing with giant telescopes is the cost-effective feasibility of its optics. Assuming classical materials for the segments blanks, however, there is no need for a very substantial increase in production capacity from existing suppliers provided that the segment size remains below 2-m. Moderately lightweight Silicon Carbide is also considered as a serious and potentially cost-effective candidate, for its superior thermal performance and specific stiffness. 

A systematic search of published literature identified 13 studies concerned with the value for money of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The majority were cost analyses of the potential savings in providing health and social care which may accrue from the introduction of these drugs. However, the available clinical evidence is not sufficient to support the assumption that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are equivalent to other interventions in terms of clinical effect or side effects (Birks and Melzer, 1999 NICE, 2001). Furthermore, research to assess potential cost savings implicitly assumes that... 

However, the cost of simple substitution and shallow innovation can be substantial. The new EU regulations on Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) are expected to result in a large number of chemicals that are currently freely available to vanish from the market. Formulated commercial products such as inks, adhesives and paints can contain up to 60 individual chemicals in one formulation. If one of these is withdrawn as a result of REACH, the potential costs of reformulation can be very high. 

Address potential cost-benefit issues associated with pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 

Pharmacokinetic properties Pharmacodynamic properties Adverse-effect potential Drug-interaction potential Cost... 

Since the late 1980s, several developed countries have made major public sector commitments to build awareness of cleaner production, also referred to as pollution prevention and waste minimization. These commitments, most notably in Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S., have led the private sector to investigate and implement pollution prevention measures for existing processes and products. As a result, cleaner production is now seen in these countries as a potentially cost-effective complement to pollution abatement in meeting environmental standards. 

Lanthanum chromite is the most common base for SOFC interconnects, but chromites of other lanthanide elements have also been used [43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 55], Although the conductivity of calcium-doped gadolinium chromite for low calcium contents is in the upper range of conductivities for lanthanum chromite, other nonlanthanum chromites typically have lower conductivities. However, the use of other lanthanides provides benefits in controlling the phase transformation temperature and in potential cost savings [48],... 

Subsequent to awarding the contract for the two chlor-alkali plants to Kvaerner Chemetics, Orica contracted with Kvaerner Process Australia to provide services for the chlor-paraffin plant and Outside Battery Limits activities associated with the new Melbourne site, as this would bring synergies to the total project as well as potential cost savings. 

Still-gauging methods are adequate for only the largest leaks. The accuracy of most tank-installed liquid level gauges is usually /s in. at best. A product loss reflected by a 0.062-in. level drop for a 100-ft-diameter tank translates to a 306 gal/day leak. If this Vi6-in. drop in product level is not discernible from the masking effects of fluid expansion, losses in excess of 2650 barrels annually will go undetected. At, for example, 20 per barrel, this loss amounts to over 53,000 for a single tank. Most importantly, the associated liability risks of groundwater contamination could involve much greater potential costs. 

In contrast, we present in Table 13.2 the potential cost based on phase fluorometry. We have not broken our analysis down by analyte, as one instrument may be sufficient for several analytes. This may be an advantage of our generic core technology whose superior value will become even more compelling as new probes are synthesized for other analytes. 

Regulation increases other costs. Environmental violations arising from waste disposal, asbestos, or other hazards at production facilities have become an increasing fact of life for formulator firms. Scotts Company recently paid fines and cleanup costs for unlicensed waste disposal and asbestos contamination at several sites in the U.K. and Ohio. Federal, state, and local environmental regulators strictly regulate waste disposal from fertilizer- and pesticide-formulating plants. Companies also must be prepared for the potential costs of remediation or liability if any pesticide causes harm. ... 

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