Source Data

The most reliable sources of data are the original citations of valuable experimental data in the reviewed scientific literature. Particularly reliable are those papers which contain a critical review of data from a number of sources as well as independent experimental determinations. Calculated or correlated values are viewed as being less reliable. The aim 

Patient safety-related data are the backbone of patient safety-related studies. They are the final proof of the efforts expended to improve patient safety in health care facilities, medical device/equipment design, and so on. There are various sources of obtaining patient safety-related data. Some organizations that offer patient safety-related data are as follows [3]  

Most of the data presented and analysed in this chapter has been collected from the ten participating countries during the period of our project within the ADB-ASEAN-ASNet program and visits to the region (in 2004). The ASNet database, we improved, is one important source of accident data and information from the region. It includes accident statistics from the region, country reports, external links to other international reports (e g. ADB reports), and much more. But some other data remains to be collected from other international sources such as the World Bank, the United Nations, and the IRF International Road Federation Database. 

Historically, the use of the law of mass action was first attempted to give a representation of the rate of a global reaction, that is, when the primary reactants are assumed to immediately form the final products. However, this was followed by the subsequent reahsation that the behaviour of a reactive system was controlled by a number of reaction steps with reaction intermediates playing a key role as discussed in Sect. 2.1. Experimental and theoretical studies were then performed to determine the rate coefficients for individual reaction steps motivated by a number of different application fields. 

An important question arises, which is how the parametric data contained in such complex mechanisms are obtained. It is not the purpose of this text to cover the fundamental methods of chemical kinetics since there are many excellent existing reviews of this topic (Pilling and Seakins 1995 Miller et al. 2005 Pilling 2009). However, we summarise here some useful resources which may be employed in the development and parameterisation of chemical mechanisms. 

Currently many of the elementary reaction steps and corresponding reaction rate parameters included in kinetic mechanisms can be found in online chemical kinetic databases such as that available from NIST (Manion et al. 2013). In many cases. 

For more recent and complex mechanisms, the fact is that despite the best efforts of experimental and theoretical kineticists, a large proportion of the elementary steps will have never been studied individually and are likely to be deduced from similar reactions or by kinetic methods such as those proposed by Atkinsmi (Atkinson 1986, 1987 Kwok and Atkinson 1995). Such approximation methods are unlikely to achieve the same degree of accuracy as fundamental theoretical or experimental studies. However, we will see later in Chap. 5 that the methods of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis can aid the process of important parameter identification, so that strongly influential parameters from this estimated group can be targeted by further kinetic studies. 

As well as rate coefficient information, thermodynamic data are required for the description of many chemical systems. A number of software packages are available to calculate thermodynamic data such as THERM (Ritter and Bozzelli 1991) or THERGAS (Muller et al. 1995). NASA polynomials are often used as a starting point for the calculation of thermod3niamic properties (see Sect. 2.2.3) and have been made available for many years via the data base of Alexander Burcat (Burcat 1984 Burcat and Ruscic 2005 Burcat) as well as in recent evaluations (Ruscic et al. 2003). 

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Since the accuracy of experimental data is frequently not high, and since experimental data are hardly ever plentiful, it is important to reduce the available data with care using a suitable statistical method and using a model for the excess Gibbs energy which contains only a minimum of binary parameters. Rarely are experimental data of sufficient quality and quantity to justify more than three binary parameters and, all too often, the data justify no more than two such parameters. When data sources (5) or (6) or (7) are used alone, it is not possible to use a three- (or more)-parameter model without making additional arbitrary assumptions. For typical engineering calculations, therefore, it is desirable to use a two-parameter model such as UNIQUAC. 

Appendix C-7 gives interaction parameters for noncondensable components with condensable components. (These are also included in Appendix C-5). Binary data sources are given. 

Data Sources for Binary Systems with a Condensable Component and a Noncondensable Component... 

Databo e-s and Data Sources in Chemi-stry 231 Table 5-2. Basic search tools of Boolean operators and truncation. 

These are databases that provide links to other databases or data sources. In this case, records describe objects that are other databases. The "Gale Directory of Databases" [14] is one of them. The connection between the databases flows through the meta-data of each database. 

Databases and Data Sources ia Chemistry Table 5-3. Databases of the Cheinical Abstracts Service... 

If users are inexperienced in searching for information, they should first consult search engines, meta-databases or portals (Table 5-6). Searchers who are familiar with databases may consult known databases (numeric databases, bibliographic databases, etc.) directly, being aware that they might miss new data sources (see Section 5.18). The reliability and quality of data are only given in peer-reviewed data sources. 

The comparison of both data sources qualitatively shows a similar picture. Regions of high mobflity are located especially between the secondary structure elements, which are marked on the abscissa of the plot in Figure 7-17. Please remember that the fluctuations plotted in this example also include the amino acid side chains, not only the protein backbone. This is the reason why the side chains of large and flexible amino acids like lysine or arginine can increase the fluctuations dramatically, although the corresponding backbone remains almost immobile. In these cases, it is useful to analyze the fluctuations of the protein backbone and side chains individually. 

H. Wawrousek, J. H. Westbrook, and W. Grattidge, Data Sources ofiMechanical and Physical Properties ofi Engineering Materials, PhysikDaten No. 30-1, Fachinformationszentmm-Karlsmhe, Germany, 1989. 

Various data sources (44) on plasma parameters can be used to calculate conditions for plasma excitation and resulting properties for microwave coupling. Interactions ia a d-c magnetic field are more compHcated and offer a rich array of means for microwave power transfer (45). The Hterature offers many data sources for dielectric or magnetic permittivities or permeabiHty of materials (30,31,46). Because these properties vary considerably with frequency and temperature, available experimental data are iasufficient to satisfy all proposed appHcations. In these cases, available theories can be appHed or the dielectric parameters can be determined experimentally (47). 

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