Coastal

Shallow marine/ coastal (clastic) Sand bars, tidal channels. Generally coarsening upwards. High subsidence rate results in stacked reservoirs. Reservoir distribution dependent on wave and tide action. Prolific producers as a result of clean and continuous sand bodies. Shale layers may cause vertical barriers to fluid flow. 

Relative sea level changes affect many shallow marine and coastal depositional environments. 

Onshore processing facilities, and modules brought onshore, have to be cleaned of all hazardous compounds and scrapped. Cellars of single wells, drilling pads, access roads and buildings will have to be removed. If reservoir compaction affects the surface area above the abandoned field future land use may be prevented, in particular in coastal or low land environments. 

Inner Sardinia " Coastal Sardinia I East Liguria I West Liguria I Umbria... 

Land costs vary enormously both between and within countries. Compare the cost of coastal land in south Florida where it might be possible to consider rearing shrimp with that of Mississippi farmland suitable for catfish farming. The former might be thousands of dollars for every meter of ocean front, while the latter may be obtained for one or two thousand dollars per hectare. 

In general, it is easier to estabUsh an aquaculture faciUty on private land than in pubHc waters such as a lake or coastal embayment. Prospective aquaculturists who want to estabUsh faciUties in pubHc waters may be confronted at pubHc hearings by outraged citizens who do not want to see an aquaculture faciUty in what they consider to be their water. The issue is highly contentious in some nations (eg, the United States). In other countries, aquaculture in pubHc waters is seen as not only a good use of natural resources, but can be considered an amenity (eg, Japan). 

Fig. 6. A salmon net-pen in Scotland designed for use offshore, and in this case, exposed coastal waters.

Surface water can sometimes be obtained through gravity flow by locating aquaculture faciUties at elevations below those of adjacent springs, streams, lakes, or reservoirs. Coastal faciUties may be able to obtain water through tidal flow. 

Centralized processing plants specifically designed to handle regional aquaculture crops are estabUshed in areas where production is sufficiently high. In coastal regions, aquacultured animals are often processed in plants that also service capture fisheries. 

Bahia grasses Elorida and southern coastal plains competes with Bermuda grasses when fertilized effect on overall yield is in dispute... 

Therm alane Heat- Transfer Fluids. Coastal Chemical Co. manufactures three heat-transfer fluids intended for Hquid-phase systems. 

Hitec Heat-Transfer Salt. Hitec heat-transfer salt, manufactured by Coastal Chemical Co., is an eutectic mixture of water-soluble inorganic salts potassium nitrate (53%), sodium nitrite (40%), and sodium nitrate (7%). It is suitable for Hquid-phase heat transfer at temperatures of 150—540°C. 

Thermalane Heat TransferFluids, Coastal Chemical Co., Houston, Tex. 

The intensity of bioluminescence emission is > 2 x 10 photon /s-cm in the dinoflageUate Gonyaulax and the spectmm of light emission ranges from 450—490 nm (blue) in deep sea species, 490—520 nm (green) in coastal water species, and 510—580 nm (yeUow-green) in terrestrial and freshwater species. 

Domestic. Estimates of U.S. uranium resources for reasonably assured resources, estimated additional resources, and speculative resources at costs of 80, 130, and 260/kg of uranium are given in Table 1 (18). These estimates include only conventional uranium resources, which principally include sandstone deposits of the Colorado Plateaus, the Wyoming basins, and the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Marine phosphorite deposits in central Elorida, the western United States, and other areas contain low grade uranium having 30—150 ppm U that can be recovered as a by-product from wet-process phosphoric acid. Because of relatively low uranium prices, on the order of 20.67/kg U (19), in situ leach and by-product plants accounted for 76% of total uranium production in 1992 (20). 

Table 3. Coastal Water Quality Criteria for Toxic Substances Other Than Biocides ...

J. Clark, Coastal Ecosystems, The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1974. 

Because of the necessity to comply with national standards for ground-level ozone, some states are planning another phase of more stringent NO emissions limits which may take place in the eady 2000s. These additional post-RACT reductions may affect plants of all sizes and types, but are likely to focus on major sources. The deadline for compliance in the most extreme areas is 2010. For severe nonattainment areas (O levels 0.181—0.280 ppm), including many coastal areas in the Northeast, from northern Virginia to southern Maine, compliance must be achieved by November 2005 to November 2007. Serious ozone nonattainment areas (O levels 0.161—0.180 ppm) are expected to be in compliance by November 1999. Moderate noncompHance areas must comply by November 1996. 

The Chilean nitrate deposits are located in the north of Chile, in a plateau between the coastal range and the Andes mountains, in the Atacama desert. These deposits are scattered across an area extending some 700 km in length, and ranging in width from a few kilometers to about 50 km. Most deposits are in areas of low rehef, about 1200 m above sea level. The nitrate ore, caUche, is a conglomerate of insoluble and barren material such as breccia, sands, and clays (qv), firmly cemented by soluble oxidized salts that are predominandy sulfates, nitrates, and chlorides of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Cahche also contains significant quantities of borates, chromates, chlorates, perchlorates, and iodates. 

Toluene demand in 1996 increased because of the new Amoco and Mobil (Chalmette) disproportionation plants as well as other capacity changes at Coastal (Eagle Point), Phillips (Sweeney), Gulf Chemicals (Arochem plant, Puerto Rico), Koch, and Texaco (Huntsman, Port Arthur). Dewitt (71) forecasts continued increase for this appHcation at the rate of about 14% between 1995 and the year 2000. These will have a significant effect on toluene price and availabiUty in the later 1990s. On the other hand, toluene demand for gasoline blending is expected to decline by about 283 million Hters by 1997-1998. 

Waterborne Transport. Despite natural limitations, the transportation of chemicals by water has enjoyed substantial growth, especially siace the ead of World War 11. Assisted by governmental developmeat of the inland waterways system, including locks and other navigational aids, water carriers transport large quantities of bulk chemicals in barges between inland ports or between such ports and coastal ports. In addition, bulk chemicals ate transported by self-propelled tank vessels between U.S. coastal points, and between U.S. ports and overseas destinations. In 1989, 56.1 million metric tons (61.9 million short tons) of chemicals were transported in the U.S. domestic waterborne commerce (16). 

Before the creation of the U.S. DOT in 1967, the now defunct ICC was authorized to prescribe rules and regulations for rad, tmck, and pipeline safety. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was responsible for air safety, and the U.S. Coast Guard for safety on the inland and coastal waterways. Upon estabHshment of DOT in 1967, the FAA and Coast Guard were transferred to the DOT, which assumed the safety functions the ICC formerly adrninistered. 

Chlorine plays a less significant role in chemical weathering processes than do sulfur and carbon. Most geochemists beHeve that much, or most, of the chloride in stream water in coastal areas is derived from sea salt that is carried landward or deposited by rainfall. Farther inland, however, a major part of the chloride loads in streams is the result of human activities. 

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