Power station, coastal

Ca3(P04)2. Rapid sorption of iron by coastal sludge was observed after authorized discharge of Fe from an English nuclear power station, and re-mobilization of these anthropogenic iron traces was slow (Warwick etal. 2001). Correspondingly, the industrial Fe, Cr, and Ni load was associated with aluminum-silicate lattice in sediments of a Greek river estuary (Dassenakis et al. 

Liquid waste is generated in numerous places with activities <0.1 GBq/ m. Such waste is classified as low level. Some of these liquids may be clean enough to be released directly into the environment. Others are cleaned by flocculation, ion exchange, sorption, and similar processes. The general philosophy for liquid wastes is to concentrate all radioactivity to the next higher level because the waste volumes decrease in the order LLLW > MLLW > HLLW. Thus, in principle, the three kinds of wastes are reduced to two (HLLW and MLLW) and cleaned aqueous effluent. The MLLW and residues from LLLW cleaning are treated as the wastes of the nuclear power stations, i.e. concentrated and put into a disposal matrix such as concrete or bitumen (see 20.4.3). At some coastal sites it has been the practice to release the LLLW to the sea, with official permission. The nuclides of main concern are H, °Sr, Cs, Ru, and the actinides. 

The rate of sorption of copper to suspended particles was determined for samples collected at the discharge area of a coastal power station (5). Steady-state conditions of sorption were approached within 10 hr after spiking with ionic copper using Cu as a tracer. Distribution coefficients range from 11,000 to 52,000 and k values from 0.2 to 0.8 hr There was some evidence from the data that part of the copper was sorbed in a very short period (less than about 10 min), while the remainder was sorbed onto the particles at an exponential rate over the next 10 hr as steady-state conditions were approached. However, for present purposes, considering sorption on particles as a single compartment, the transfer of copper from labile forms to those sorbed on suspended particles is fairly well represented as a first-order process in which kis approximately equals 0.75 hr ... 

Processes (2.115) and (2.116) describe the solid-liquid equilibrium at the oceanic bottom (sediment-seawater interface) with suspended matter in seawater (calcareous organisms). Moreover, similarly the processes of heterogeneous nucleation and droplet formation from CCN as well as in general the solid-water interfacial process are described (Fig. 2.93). Hence, seawater is an excellent solvent for acidic gases such as SO2 (used for flue-gas desulfurization at some coastal site power stations) and atmospheric CO2. The ratio between atmospheric and oceanic (water dissolved) CO2 is described by the Henry equilibrium (2.117 see also Chapter 4.3.2) ... 

B. Case and W.E. Heaton, Cooling Water Electrolysis at Coastal Power Stations. In Local Generation and Use of Chlorine and Hypochlorite, Society of Chemical Industry, London (1980). 

Taylor, C., 2006. The effects of biological fouling control at coastal and estuarine power stations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 53,30-48. 

Both nuclear power stations and fire power plant need huge amount of cooling water. Therefore, most of the power plants were built in the shore for an easy access to the sea water. In some countries, for a better management of industrial pollution and more convenient import and export of raw materials and products, industrial parks were established in the neighborhood of coastal area. 

The last decade has seen the introduction of a number of small electrolysis cells for the generation of either hypochlorite or chlorine gas in many applications, either type of cell could, in principle, be employed and the choice will then depend on technological factors. In the water and effiuent-treatment industry, the common applications of on-site chlorine and hypochlorite cells will include the treatment of sewage (particularly at remote sites), the sierilkatton of water for food processes and hospital laundries, the treatment of water on board ships and for swimming pools, the treatment of cooling water at coastal power stations to prevent the growth of shellfish and seaweed in the pipes and the enhanced... 

Trawsfynydd was built in the Snowdonia National Park, in North Wales and the site is the country s only inland nuclear power station (the rest of the UK s nuclear power stations are located in coastal positions for easy access to cooling water and effluent discharge purposes). It was the first (and only) magnox station to be built by the fifth consortium, the Atomic Power Company (APC). 

R.E. Carberry, H.M. Schneider, Evaluation of RTV Coating for station insulators subjected to coastal contamination, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, VoL 4, Issue l,p. 577-585,1989. 

K. Siderakis, D. Pylarinos, E. Thalassinakis, E. Drakakis, Performance investigation of composite and RTV SIR coated insulators at a coastal test station, UPEC 46th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2011. 

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