Hard coastal engineering

Hard Coastal Engineering Use of conventional tools and hard structures, including groins, seawalls, and breakwaters, to mitigate coastal erosion and flooding. 

Although the study of coastal erosion is a fundamental concept for coastal engineering, coastal engineers must also recognize and study coastal protection measures and applications such as hard and soft shoreline protection structures, understand the effects of these structures on the morphology of the coastal areas, and develop effective coastal zone management plans and policies. 

Generally speaking, however, there are two types of coastal engineering applications hard and soft coastal engineering. Although hard stabilization techniques have been used for many years and are considered to be appropriate under certain circumstances, they can also be expensive and, in trying to rectify human impact, can actually disrupt and... 

Rosser, N.J., Petley, D.N., Urn, M., Dunning, S.A. and Allison, R.J. 2005. Terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring the process of hard rock coastal cliff erosion. Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 38, 363-375. 

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