Additional Resources

Launched in 1998, the EMOO repository (Coello Coello, 2006) is one of the main resources for those interested in pursuing research in evolutionary MOO. The EMOO repository contains  

There is an excellent computer tutorial entitled 7he Basics of NMR Spectroscopy, written by Joseph R Homak and available through him at the Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623. This software uses realistic graphic animations to show such processes as spin equilibration, absorption, and relaxation. 

Many commercial and even some freeware or shareware CFD codes are available, each with different capabilities, special physical models, numerical methods, geometric flexibility, and user interfaces. Specialized pre- and postprocessing programs are also available for generation of the geometry and grid, input of model parameters, and viewing of results. Excellent overviews of these products can be found on the Web (see, e.g., CEWES, Christopher, Larsson, and Wyman). 

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World resources of sulfur have been summarized (110,111). Sources, ie, elemental deposits, natural gas, petroleum, pyrites, and nonferrous sulfides are expected to last only to the end of the twenty-first century at the world consumption rate of 55.6 x 10 t/yr of the 1990s. However, vast additional resources of sulfur, in the form of gypsum, could provide much further extension but would require high energy consumption for processing. 

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the NEA/IAEA employ similar terms to classify uranium resources, as (7) reasonably assured, estimated additional (EA), or speculative. The NEA/IAEA divides the estimated additional resources into two types, EAR-I and EAR-II, describing known resources and undiscovered ones, respectively (8). 

Domestic. Estimates of U.S. uranium resources for reasonably assured resources, estimated additional resources, and speculative resources at costs of 80, 130, and 260/kg of uranium are given in Table 1 (18). These estimates include only conventional uranium resources, which principally include sandstone deposits of the Colorado Plateaus, the Wyoming basins, and the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Marine phosphorite deposits in central Elorida, the western United States, and other areas contain low grade uranium having 30—150 ppm U that can be recovered as a by-product from wet-process phosphoric acid. Because of relatively low uranium prices, on the order of 20.67/kg U (19), in situ leach and by-product plants accounted for 76% of total uranium production in 1992 (20). 

Foreign. The OECD/NEA and IAEA have issued annual reports on world uranium resources, production, and demand since the mid-1960s (2—6). NEA/IAEA data for reasonably assured and estimated additional resources at costs of 80 and 130/kg uranium are given in Table 2 (21). These estimates incorporate data from both former world outside centrally planned economies (WOCA) and non-WOCA nations. A summary of other known uranium resources with and without cost range estimates is provided in Table 3 (22). These resources total about 1.4 x 10 t and include estimates that are not strictly consistent with standard NEA/IAEA definitions. 

Estimates of speculative lesouices (SR) at 130/kg uianium and those having an unassigned cost range are provided ia Table 4 (23). These resources, which total about 11.28 x 10 t, would be ia addition to the reasonably assured and estimated additional resources. Estimates of uranium resources from unconventional and by-product sources are presented ia Table 5 (24). These resources total about 7 x 10 t for phosphates, 0.013 x 10 t for nonferrous ores, 0.016 x 10 t for carbonates, and 0.014 x 10 t for lignites. These would be ia addition to the reasonably assured resources, estimated additional resources, and the speculative resources (24). 

Estimated additional resources (EAR) is a term that appHes to resources that are iaferred to occur as extensions of weU-explored deposits, htde-explored deposits, or undiscovered deposits beheved to exist along a well-defined geological continuity with known deposits. There are two types of EAR, EAR-I and EAR-II, which are iaferred based on direct or iadirect evidence of existence, respectively. 

Analyst Analysts must have a firm understanding of the operation of the unit. If they are not involved in the day-to-day operation or responsible for the unit, more preliminaiy work including process familiarization, equipment familiarization, operator interviews, and constraint hmitations will be required. Even when an analyst is responsible, a review is necessaiy. Analysts must firmly estabhsh the purpose of the unit test. Different levels require different budgets, personnel, and unit commitment. Additional resources beyond that required for routine measurements must be justified against the value of the measurements to the establishment of the understanding of the plant operation. 

Additional Resources Provides additional sources of information on the concerns/issues identified in the tables. Please note that the Additional Resources column does not attempt to include all sources of additional information. 

Potential Solutions No. Concern/Issue and Control Mechanisms Additional Resources... 

G. Additional Resource List for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling Software... 

Step 1.3 Identify and Allocate Additional Resources. The audit may require external resources, such as laboratory facilities and possibly equipment for air sampling, flow measurements, energy measurements, and product-quality testing. 

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