Gasoline blending

The most extensive worldwide program on methanol blend gasoline was in Italy where from 1982 to 1987 a 1.9 x lO" m /yr (5 x 10 gal/yr) plant produced a mixture containing 69% methanol. The balance contained higher alcohols. This mixture was blended into gasoline at the 4.3% level and marketed successfully as a premium gasoline known as Super E (82). 

Petrochemicals and Refining Gaseous reactant blending Gasoline blending Emissions monitoring and control... 

Reformulated gasoline specifications require lower vapor pressure in the blended gasoline. It also requires maximum feed to the alkylation unit. This puts more pressure on the gas plant, particularly the debutanizer. Floating the tower pressure is often the best way to meet both constraints. 

Blending vegetable oils Blending gasoline Clay dispersion Fermentation (pharmaceutical) Suspension polymerization Emulsion polymerization Solution polymerization... 

An oil refinery has to blend gasoline. Suppose that the refinery wishes to blend four petroleum constituents into three grades of gasoline A, B9 and C. Determine the mix of the four constituents that will maximize profit. 

Consider the quantitative gas chromatography analysis of alcohol-blended gasoline for ethyl alcohol by the internal standard method, using isopropyl alcohol as the internal standard. The peaks for these two substances are well resolved from each other and from other components. Assume there... 

Butane isomerization is usually carried out to have a source of isobutane which is often reacted with C3-C5 olefins to produce alkylate, a high octane blending gasoline [13]. An additional use for isobutane was to feed dehydrogenation units to make isobutene for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) production, but since the phaseout of MTBE as an oxygenate additive for gasoline, this process has decHned in importance. Zeolitic catalysts have not yet been used industriaUy for this transformation though they have been heavily studied (Table 12.1). 

Before pumping ethanol-blended gasoline Med., 0.11 0.04-0.55 22 Backer et al. (1997)... 

One may be confronted with a problem which has an infinite number of possible solutions. In the business of blending - gasolines, fertilizers, animal feed stocks, functional fluids, oil additives, plasticizers - this kind of problem often occurs. Twenty different materials may be available, having differing properties and differing... 

It was now necessary to be able to probe the composition of these blended gasolines for the additives present. The vibrational spectroscopies are excellent probes, and both IR and Raman spectroscopies can provide vital information concerning methyl/methylene ratios and identify the additives present in blended gasoline. This application pertains to the use of Raman spectroscopy to probe blended gasolines for additives. 

Some of the frequencies that are useful as diagnostics for blended gasolines are listed as follows For aliphatic groups ... 

Figure 7-13 shows the FT-Raman spectra of blended gasolines of various octane numbers. It may be observed that as the octane number increases there are increases in the methyl/methylene ratio (3,053/2,870 cm-1) and 1,000/2,870 cm-1 ratio, the latter indicative of aromatic additives. Table 7-2 shows the relative intensities of the aromatic bands with the grade of gasoline. The intensities at 3,053 and 1,000 cm-1 increase with octane number. The 780 cm-1 band intensity increases, and this is indicative of the substituted phenyl ring (e.g., toluene). The 743 cm-1 band increases as well, indicating a t-butyl group (iso-octane). 

Figure 7-13 FT Raman spectra of blended gasolines (a) 87 octane, (b) 89 octane, and (c) 93 octane (reproduced with permission, Ref. 7).

Dehydration Anhydrous ethanol is required for blending gasoline. It can be obtained by additional dehydration, for example, with molecular sieves or carrier-assisted distillation. 

By 1999, some 1 million AFVs were in use which is less than 0.5% of all vehicles. In 1998, alternative fuels used by AFVs replaced almost 335 million gallons of gasoline, about 0.3% of the year s total consumption. Almost 4 billion gallons of ethanol and methanol replaced gasoline that year in blended gasoline that was sold for standard gasoline engines. 

The first 4000 tonnes of blended gasoline was sent to the Ministry of Energy tank farm near Port Taranaki in early November 1985. The results of quality tests of this first batch of gasoline were within specification and were as follows ... 

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