Extended area

APF= Extended area ff/ft of tube = 3.80 AR= Extended area/bare area - 14.5 APSE = Extended area/bundle face area = No. tube rows (22.8)... 

The interface between the repressor fragment and DNA covers an extended area. Most interactions between one monomer of the fragment and the DNA occur within a single half-site in other words, each repressor subunit... 

Us = overall heat transfer coefficient based on extended area, Btu/hr-ft F... 

Pepsin consists of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 34 644 and 327 amino acid residues. Ser-68 is phosphorylated, but this phosphate may be removed without significantly altering the catalytic properties of the enzyme. As in other acid proteases, the active site is an extended area that can accommodate... 

In the conception of Bjorkman [35], an extended area graphite cathode is comprised of a packed, flow-through bed. The electrolyte, in this case aqueous HC1, was immobilized in an asbestos matrix. Chloride ions are transported to the graphite anode where pure Cl2 is liberated. 

Figure 10.5 Overlapping circular nuclei the extended area is the sum of the area of all the circles shown on the left.

We now consider the cases of instantaneous and progressive nucle-ation separately. If nucleation is instantaneous, there axe Mo growing clusters. The extended area Sex is simply Mo times the area that a single cluster would cover if it did not meet any other ... 

Integrating over t and multiplying by k M0 gives for the extended area ... 

Here we derive Avrami s theorem for a simple case [4]. Consider an area A that is partially covered by N circles each of area a, where a A. The circles overlap so that the area that is actually covered is smaller than the extended area Na. Show that the probability that a particular point in not covered by any circle is ... 

Under an extended area of irradiation, Tc is only a function of z. Under spot irradiation the lateral coordinates also have to be treated as variables. For simplicity we use cylindrical Gaussian profiles and //o = 1. Then... 

L. Lipp and D. Pletcher. Extended area electrodes based on stacked expanded titanium meshes. Electrochimica Acta 42 (1997) 1101-1111. 

Sample surfaces prepared by various macroscopic techniques are not well characterized on an atomic scale over the extended area of the macroscopic surfaces. It is now well known that even the most carefully processed surfaces contain only domains of well defined atomic structures of sizes of the order of 100 to 1000 A. 

Since the observer views radiation from all parts of the extended area A, but at different angles a, Lambert s cosine law, which states that the intensity in a given direction will change in proportion to the cosine of the angle from the normal, has to be taken into account.) Equ. (10.45a) is equivalent to... 

Ux = overall transfer coefficient, finned tube extended area basis, Btu/h °F ft2... 

Step 4. The required tube outside extended area Ax is ... 

In order to guarantee a constant etch rate across the wafer independent of feature size the etching is restricted to narrow gaps around the desired patterns. This allows to remove narrow as well as extended areas of the silicon. The areas to be removed are not bonded to the bottom glass substrate. The released areas are removed afterwards just by turning the sandwich upside down. 

If excess material were added to the bank without lateral transport the bank would grow in size but in fact material is transported towards the edges of a film, beyond the edges of the feed and so increasing the width of the product. Usually, after the ultimate nip, an excess width of film is trimmed away as waste if this is not done care must be taken to make sure there is no variation in the surface finish in the areas of extended width. Occasionally a thin line of roughness will indicate the end of the width of material on Roll 3, and in the extended area flow marks are more likely to be found. 

The term reconnaissance study relates to studies conducted for the first time, covering extended areas, to be completed fast and with minimal costs. The purpose of reconnaissance studies is to get a general picture of the water systems involved, to locate promising sites where large amounts of high-quality water can be found, to scan the area for features of special interest, to locate possible pollution processes, and to arrive at a conceptual model. The results of reconnaissance studies are the basis for the planning of... 

Hydrochemical surveys that encompass many wells and springs in extended areas may locate water sources of exceptional compositions, possibly caused by manmade contamination. Such surveys may detect contamination long before any complaints are expressed by water consumers. The next step in dealing with water sources that reveal suspected contamination is comparison of the composition with historical data, as discussed above. 

Darkening of the sky and large reductions in the total amounts of sunlight reaching the surface over extended areas have been documented for large forest fires. Descriptions of such observations can be found in Crutzen and Birks (1982). Effects of forest fires in Western Canada in 1950 were clearly observable in Europe (Smith, 1950 Wexler, 1950). If we extrapolate these relatively small events to the huge extent of burning in the case of a nuclear war, the afore described enormous effects become entirely plausible. 

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