Coastal ecosystems production

Volume 3. J.S.M. van Thiel de Vries, Dune Erosion During Storm Surges Volume 2. P.M.S Monteiro M. Marchand (Eds.), Catchment2Coast, a Systems Approach to Coupled River-Coastal Ecosystem Science and Management Volume 1. F.J. Los, Eco-Hydrodynamie Modelling of Primary Production in Coastal Waters and Lakes Using BLOOM... 

Some primary production estimates in coastal ecosystems. The values of primary production have been compiled from the sources indicated and percentages of primary production allocated to three categories of primary producer. 

Redalje, D.G, Lohrenz, S.E., and Fanenstiel, G.L. (1994) The relationship between primary production and the vertical export of particulate organic matter in a river-impacted coastal ecosystem. Estuaries 17, 829-838. 

Correlative budgetary studies in which N loading or supply rates were direcdy related to daily or annual rates of primary production in diverse coastal ecosystems (Nixon, 1986, 1995) (Fig. 11.8)... 

Figure 11.8 Upper frame Direct relationships between dissolved inorganic N input and primary production in a various estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Figure adapted from Nixon eta/., 1996. Lower frame Direct relationship between dissolved inorganic N input and phytoplankton biomass, as mean annual chlorophyll a content of several Western Australian estuarine systems. Figure adapted fromlwomey andThompson, 2001.

Figure 18.21 Comparative analyses of fisheries characteristics in relation to trophic status of estuarine and coastal ecosystems around the world (A) fisheries harvest versus primary production (re-drawn from Nixon and Buckley, 2002) (B) ratio of pelagic-to-demersal fish caught in fishery plotted versus phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (natural logarithm of hoth x and y variahles). Figure 18.21 (B) was re-drawn from de Leiva Moreno et al. (2000) with Chesapeake Bay data added for two time periods.

Although Nr has a short residence time in coastal ecosystems (compared to terrestrial ecosystems), the time that it does spend there can have a profound impact on the ecosystem. Primary production in most coastal rivers, bays, and seas of the temperate zone is limited by Nr supplies (Vitousek and Howarth, 1991 Nixon et al., 1996 NRC, 2000). In the USA, the increased Nr flux is now viewed as the most serious pollution problem in coastal waters (Howarth et al., 2000 NRC, 2000 Rabalais et al., 2002). One-third of the nation s coastal rivers and bays are severely degraded, and another one-third is moderately degraded from nutrient over enrichment (Bricker et al., 1999). 

N.A. Korovessis and T.D. Lekkas, Solar Saltworks Production Process Evolution— Wetland Function in Saltworks Preserving Saline Coastal Ecosystems, Proc. of the 6th Conf. on Environ. Sci. Technology, Pythagorion, Samos, pp. 11—30, Sept. 1, 1999. 

Peinert, R., Satire, A., Stegmann, R, Stienen, C., Haardt, H., Smetacek, V, 1982. Dynamics of primary production and sedimentation in a coastal ecosystem. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 16, 276-289. 

The estimated primary production (in terms of C content) for various aquatic ecosystems is shown in Table 3.3. Freshwater primary production, in lakes and streams, amounts to a little over 1% of total aquatic primary production. Phytoplankton account for c.95% of marine primary production, which totals c.40GtCyr-1, whereas coastal ecosystems make relatively minor contributions. Important macrophytes in intertidal zones include Rhizophora in mangrove swamps, turtle grass... 

In several coastal areas near urban harbors or major industrial production or use areas, sediments accumulated high concentrations and substantive amounts of DDT or PCBs. Once discharges were reduced or eliminated with curtailment of production and use of DDT and PCBs, the accumulations of these compounds in sediments continued to be of concern as a source of contamination for coastal ecosystems. The DDT and PCB contaminated sediments can leak REB and DDT or PCBs to the... 

Windom, H., W. Gardner, J. Stephens, and F. Taylor. 1976. The role of methylmercury production in the transfer of mercury in a salt marsh ecosystem. Estuar. Coastal Mar. Sci. 4 579-583. 

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