Budget/budgeting

Operational excellence costs versus budget Budget versus forecast... 

Budget Budget is a big one. Make sure the lead can afford your product or service. This is often one of the first questions that your sales rep asks in order to determine whether the lead is good or not. Both B2B and B2C companies care about the answer to the budget question How much do you have budgeted for this project/item ... 

Cut through the complexities Work the system in your favour Don t pay a penny more than you have to Written for anyone who has to deal with personal tax, this up-to-date and concise new handbook includes all the important changes in this year s budget. 

The objective of any exploration venture is to find new volumes of hydrocarbons at a low cost and in a short period of time. Exploration budgets are in direct competition with acquisition opportunities. If a company spends more money finding oil than it would have had to spend buying the equivalent amount in the market place there is little Incentive to continue exploration. Conversely, a company which manages to find new reserves at low cost has a significant competitive edge since it can afford more exploration, find and develop reservoirs more profitably, and can target and develop smaller prospects. 

Minimum risk estimates are sometimes used to quantify either maximum exposure in monetary terms or, in the case of an annual work plan containing multiple projects, to help determine the proportion of firm projects. Firm projects are those which have budget cover even if costs overrun. A minimum risk estimate is one with little or no probability of overrun, and can be used to reflect the risk associated with very complex or novel projects. 

The well-known properties of metal-ceramic X-ray tubes are now available for applications in the low budget range. 

This sets out the specific objectives for European R D and defines the research areas and the budget envelope for the period 1994-1998 at a total budget 12.3 BECU... 

The total budget proposed is ECU 16.3 billion, which is a 3% increase in the percentage of the EU s GDP represented by the new Framework Programme compared to the previous one. 

Computer simulations act as a bridge between microscopic length and time scales and tlie macroscopic world of the laboratory (see figure B3.3.1. We provide a guess at the interactions between molecules, and obtain exact predictions of bulk properties. The predictions are exact in the sense that they can be made as accurate as we like, subject to the limitations imposed by our computer budget. At the same time, the hidden detail behind bulk measurements can be revealed. Examples are the link between the diffiision coefficient and... 

In recent years, the rapid development of low-budget 3D-capablc graphics cards makes it possible to visualize molecular models with standard PC systems. Some molecular modeling software, which was once available only for workstations, is now also offered for PCs [198]. 

Several excellent print collections of spectra are available but are beyond the budgets of most col lege libraries Fortunately vast numbers of NMR IR and mass spectra are freely accessible via the Spectral Data Base System (SDBS) maintained by the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology at... 

The terms green chemistry and environmentally benign synthesis have been coined to refer to procedures explicitly designed to minimize the for mation of byproducts that present disposal problems Both the National Science Foundation and the Envi ronmental Protection Agency have allocated a por tion of their grant budgets to encourage efforts m this vein... 

Table 7. Light Extinction Budgets, excluding Mean Percentage Contribution...

Product innovation absorbs considerable resources in the fine chemicals industry, in part because of the shorter life cycles of fine chemicals as compared to commodities. Consequently, research and development (R D) plays an important role. The main task of R D in fine chemicals is scaling-up lab processes, as described, eg, in the ORAC data bank or as provided by the customers, so that the processes can be transferred to pilot plants (see Pilot PLANTS AND microplants) and subsequently to industrial-scale production. Thus the R D department of a fine chemicals manufacturer typically is divided into a laboratory or process research section and a development section, the latter absorbing the Hon s share of the R D budget, which typically accounts for 5 to 10% of sales. Support functions include the analytical services, engineering, maintenance, and Hbrary. 

Budgeting. These changes in the storage and retrieval of chemical information requite that Hbraries and information centers now consider not only what should be purchased but also what monies should be allocated for the purchase of information in nonprint formats such as CD-ROMs (compact disk read-only memory) and on-line databases. Coupled with this is budgeting for the cost of hardware and software to enable the rapid and cost-effective deHvery of needed information (15). The geometric increase in sources, both printed and on-line, has increased the role of information speciaHst as an expert in the deHvery of chemical information. Retrieval from increasingly diverse and complex sources becomes the paramount issue for searchers of chemical Hterature in the 1990s. 

Finance. Cost accounting, budget control, payroU, records, accounts payable, accounts receivable, capital equipment control, taxes, customs, iasurance, loss control, and management information are all part of the finance function. 

Multiple chent studies have proliferated on a world basis since the first generally recognized study of this type done in 1952 on polyethylene by the Roger Wdhams organization. There are directories of available multiple cHent studies that can direct the researcher to a source, eg, FINDex—The FirectoTy of Market Research Keports, Studies, and Surveys. Multiple chent studies can have budgets of 50,000 to 250,000 and can require the equivalent of several work years by the researchers. 

In general, similarity or general cost ratios estimates are used for developing screening estimates when an estimate is required quickly and a limited accuracy is acceptable. Detailed cost ratios or detailed labor and materials estimates are generally developed prior to actual appropriation of funds to develop a better estimate for budgeting and cost control purposes. 

Office of Management and Budget OMB reviews regulations to ensure that they are cost-effective approves paperwork or other information-gathering requirements... 

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