Troposphere budget

Cmtzen, P. J. and Gidel, L. T. (1983). A 2-dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere 2. the tropospheric budgets of the anthropogenic chloro-carbons CO, CH4, CH3CI and the effects of various NOj sources on tropospheric O3. /. Geophys. Res. 88, 6641-6661. 

Graedel, T. E and W. C. Keene, Tropospheric Budget of Reactive Chlorine, Global Biogeochem. Cycl., 9, 47-77 (1995). 

The importance of photochemical destruction in the 03s tropospheric budget implies that the lifetime of 03s is coupled to the chemical production and destruction of 03. Consequently, the simulated tropospheric budget of 03s may be affected directly by differences in the simulated chemistry. For example, simulations with a pre-industrial and a present-day emission scenario or with and without representation of NMHC chemistry will produce different estimates of the tropospheric oxidation efficiencies [39, 40]. However, our simulations indicate only small effects on the calculated 03s budget [6]. Figure 5 presents the simulated zonal distribution of 03s, the chemical destruction rate, of ozone (day"1) and the chemical loss of 03s (ppbv day 1) for the climatological April. The bulk of the 03s in the troposphere resides immediately below the tropopause, whereas the ozone chemical destruction rate maximizes in the tropical lower troposphere (Figures 5a and 5b). Hence, most 03s is photochemically destroyed between 15-25 °N and below 500 hPa. This region... 

J. P. Jesson, Release of industrial halocarbons and tropospheric budget, Proc. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Atmospheric Ozone Its Variation and Human Influences, Aldeia das A oteias, Portugal, M. Nicolet, dir., and A. A. Aikin, ed., U.S. Dept. Trans., Report No. FAA-EE-80-20, p. 373, 1980. 

Graedel T. E. and Keene W. C. (1995) Tropospheric budget of reactive chlorine. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 47—77. 

Crutzen PJ, Gidel LT. 1983. A two-dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere. 2 The tropospheric budgets of the anthropogenic chlorocarbons, carbon monoxide, methane, chloromethane and the effect of various nitrogen oxides sources on the tropospheric ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research... 

Crutzen, P.J., and L.T. Gidel, The tropospheric budgets of anthropogenic chlorocarbons, CO, CO4, CH3CI and the effect of various NOx sources on tropospheric ozone. J Geophys Res 88, 6641, 1983. 

The following sections describe, in turn, particulate size distributions, coagulation and condensation processes, production mechanisms, chemical composition, removal from the atmosphere, and the tropospheric budget of the aerosol. 

Table 9-3 lists processes contributing to the tropospheric budget of NH3, and estimates for the associated global fluxes derived by several authors. The sources are discussed first. They may be classified as combustion, bacterial decomposition of animal excreta, and emanation from soils. 

Cmtzen, P.J. Gidel, L.T., 1983 A Two-Dimensional Photochemical Model of the Atmosphere. 2. The Tropospheric Budgets of the Anthropogenic Chlorocarbons, CO, CH4, CH3CI and the Effect of Various NOx Sources on Tropospheric Ozone , in Journal of Geophysical Research, 88 6641-6661. 

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