Maximum exposure

Minimum risk estimates are sometimes used to quantify either maximum exposure in monetary terms or, in the case of an annual work plan containing multiple projects, to help determine the proportion of firm projects. Firm projects are those which have budget cover even if costs overrun. A minimum risk estimate is one with little or no probability of overrun, and can be used to reflect the risk associated with very complex or novel projects. 

The cumulative cashflow was used to derive ultimate cash surplus - the final value of the cumulative cashflow maximum exposure - the maximum value of the cash deficit payout time - the time until cumulative cashflow becomes positive. 

The shortcoming of the maximum exposure and payout time is that they say nothing about what happens after the cashflow becomes positive (i.e. the investment is recouped). Neither do they give information about the return on the investment in terms of a ratio, which is useful in comparing projects. 

A similar form of indicator is the Profitability Index (PI), where the denominator is the maximum exposure of the project, and is applicable where the company is sensitive to the maximum exposure e.g. 

Material should not be processed at too high a temperature, eg, above 310°C for nylon-6,6 or 290°C for nylon-6, ia order to avoid degradatioa. Resideace times at the higher temperatures should be kept to a minimum. Moltea ayloa should aot be left ia an idle machine for more than 30 min maximum. Exposure of molten and hot nylon to air should also be minimized to avoid discoloration. 

A commercially interesting low calorie fat has been produced from sucrose. Proctor Gamble has patented a mixture of penta- to octafatty acid ester derivatives of sucrose under the brand name Olestra. It was approved by the FDA in January 1996 for use as up to 100% replacement for the oil used in preparing savory snacks and biscuits. Olestra, a viscous, bland-tasting Hquid insoluble in water, has an appearance and color similar to refined edible vegetable oils. It is basically inert from a toxicity point of view as it is not metabolized or absorbed. It absorbs cholesterol (low density Hpoprotein) and removes certain fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Hence, Olestra has to be supplemented with these vitamins. No standard LD q tests have been performed on Olestra however, several chronic and subchronic studies were performed at levels of 15% in the diet, and no evidence of toxicity was found. No threshold limit value (TLV), expressed as a maximum exposure per m of air, has been estabhshed, but it is estimated to be similar to that of an inert hpid material at 5 mg/m. ... 

In accordance with demonstrated differences between the various asbestos fiber types, the workplace regulation in many countries specifies different exposure limits for chrysotile and the amphiboles (45). Moreover, to alleviate estabHshed, or apprehended, risk from substitute fibers, the regulation often specifies maximum exposure limits for synthetic fibers (46) values of exposure limits adopted in leading industrial countries are coUected in Table 8. 

The NIOSH recommended exposure limit for carcinogenic hexavalent chromium is 1 lg/m Cr(VI) as a 10-h TWA, and for noncarcinogenic Cr(VI) the 10-h TWA is 25 lg/m Cr(VI), including a 15-min maximum exposure of 50 lg/m Cr(VI). According to NIOSH, the noncarcinogenic Cr(VI) compounds are chromic acid and the chromates and dichromates of sodium, potassium, lithium, mbidium, cesium, and ammonia. NIOSH considers any hexavalent chromium compound that does not appear on the preceding Hst carcinogenic (145). 

MEL, MAXIMUM EXPOSURE LIMIT (uk) The luaximum eoneentration of an airborne substanee (averaged over a referenee period) to whieh employees may be exposed by inlialation under any eueumstanees. (Listed in Oeeupational exposure limits , EH40/-HSE.)... 

In the UK (under the Control of Substanees Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999) there are maximum exposure limits (MEL) and oeeupational exposure standards (OES) ... 

The hazards with glutaraldehyde are those of irritation to the skin, eyes, throat, and lungs. It can cause dermal and respiratory sensitization, resulting in rhinitis and conjunctivitis or asthma. In the UK the Maximum Exposure Limit is just 0.05 ppm (8 hr TWA limit) and 0.05 ppm (15 min STEL) with a Sen notation (p. 93). 

The Occupational Exposure Standards imposed for trichloroethylene are Maximum Exposure Limits of 100 ppm (8 hr TWA) and 150 ppm (15 minute reference period). A skin notation Sk is applicable because of the potential for skin absorption. Because of its volatility, trichloroethylene is not recommended for cold cleaning it is normally used in partially enclosed vapour degreasing equipment provided with local exhaust ventilation. 

In the UK vinyl chloride is also subject to an overriding annual maximum exposure limit of 3 ppm. 

Higher values can be used if standard is based on nuisance or odour and there are no known effects of the maximum exposure concentration measured. 

EH 67 Gram dust m makings (maximum exposure limits)... 

Allowable exposure time (AET) The recommended maximum exposure time allowed for an operator in a workspace when subject to a physical or biological pollutant. 

Long-term exposure limit (LTEL) An exposure limit requirement based on the assumption that the total body intake of a pollutant below this limit over an 8-hour working day will have no harmful effect on the worker over a working life. See also Maximum exposure limit (MEL), Occupational exposure limit (OEL), and Short-term exposure limit (STEL). 

Maximum exposure limit (MEL) The maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged out over a reference period to which employees may be exposed by inhalation. 

Permissible exposure limit (PEL) The maximum exposure level allowed by OSFiA, expressed as an 8-liour time-weighted average. These are legally enforceable in the U.S. 

Maximum Exposure Limit MEL) Maximum limits of concentration of airborne toxic contaminants, listed by the Health and Safety Executive which must not be exceeded. 

One of six workers died 12 days after exposure to a mixture of half dimethyltin dichloride and half trimeth-yltin chloride vapour during cleaning of a cauldron at a chemical plant in Germany in 1981. Maximum exposure time was 1.5 h over a 3-day period no estimates of exposure concentration were made. Symptoms preceding death included excretion of high levels of tin in the urine, respiratory depression, and coma (Rey et al.,... 

Control limits Maximum exposures to dust levels are set by control limits, (refer to Table 4.34). These are expressed as fibres per millilitre, measured or averaged over 4h[s or 10 min ... 

Maximum exposure limit (MEL) — the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstance. Thus, exposure to a chemical assigned an MEL must be as low as is reasonably practicable and, in any case, below the MEL. 

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