Water budget

Schmidt MW, Poli S (1998) Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and conseqnences for arc magma generation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 163 361-379 Sigmarsson O, Condomines M, Morris JD, Harmon RS (1990) Uraninm and °Be emichments by flnids in Andean arc magmas. Nature 346 163-165... 

The weight of soil carried in the surface runoff has been estimated by relating the sediment load to the rate of energy dissipation at the land surface by the rainfall and flowing water. The resistance of the soil to eroding forces has also been considered (4), and a method has been developed to estimate the net effect of erosion on radioaerosol transport. The volume of the liquid phase is estimated on a continuous basis by the Stanford watershed model, through consideration of a water budget. This feature has been retained in the HTM-1. 

The second and more probable cause of the unexpected linear increase in 815N of POM is the input of unlabeled N from the catchment. Because a water budget for Lake N2 is not available, only a rough estimate of the... 

Dickinson JE, Land M, Faunt CC, Leake SA, Reichard EG, Fleming JB Pool DR (2006) Hydrogeologic Framework Refinement, Ground-Water Flow and Storage, Water Chemistry Analyses, and Water-Budget Components of the Yuma Area, Southwestern Arizona and Southeastern California. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5135... 

To assess and quantify the impacts of past and future climatic variability and change on components of the cryosphere and their consequences, particularly for global energy and water budgets, frozen ground conditions, sea level change, and the maintenance of polar sea ice covers. 

Consideration of the waterproofing function of cuticular lipids first requires an assessment of cuticular transpiration relative to the overall water budget. The fact that organismal water-loss rates increase greatly when surface lipids are removed does not necessarily mean that increased cuticular permeability is responsible. Insects can lose water by transpiration through the cuticle, by evaporation from the tracheal system through open spiracles, and by... 

We have, to some extent, set up a straw man in this section, but it is important to recognize that most studies have not distinguished cuticular transpiration from other components of the overall water budget. This is probably not a serious problem for work with inactive insects it may be in other cases. The permeability of the cuticle to water is clearly an important aspect of insect water balance, but rigorous analysis requires a good quantitative understanding of cuticular and other routes for water-loss. Below, we first discuss the role... 

Twilley, R.R., and Chen, R. (1998) A water budget and hydrology model of a basin mangrove forest in Rookery Bay, Florida. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 49, 309-323. 

In the above-described version of the water balance, we assumed equilibrium between its receipt and expenditure parts, which is rather conventional. For example, owing to the sea level rise recently observed in the Black Sea (see this chapter), the water supply should exceed the water loss by approximately 2 km3/year (or even more). However, the tendencies of the sea level changes at different sites of the coast are different and not everywhere registered. Therefore, in order to generally estimate the water regime, we found it reasonable to present the water balance rather than the water budget of the Black Sea. 

The features of the thermohaline structure of the Black Sea waters represent the clear manifestations of the uniqueness of its nature on the whole. Most of them are related to the very restricted water exchange of the Black Sea with the adjacent parts of the World Ocean (the Sea of Marmara and the Sea of Azov), because of which its external water budget is generally small [33]. 

In all the studies mentioned, the vertical motions of the main pycnocline were interpreted from the point of view of the external water budget of the Black Sea and of the winter severity. If so, the elevated (reduced) freshwater supply to the Black Sea should cause a decrease (increase) in the inflow of the waters of the Sea of Marmara and related upwelling water motions in the main pycnocline. The increase in the volume of the cold intermediate waters during cold winters should favor a sort of subsidence of the main pycnocline. 

The results of our studies show that the interannual variability of the wind relative vorticity may be a more important reason for the long-term variations of the main pycnocline of the Black Sea than the similar variations in the components of its external water budget. 

In the layers below the main pycnocline, the interannual variability is caused by the variations in the inflow of the waters of the Sea of Marmara related to the rest of the other components of the external water budget of the Black Sea. 

Because of greatly contrasting low tritium levels before thermonuclear tests and because of the distinct peak tritium levels that occurred in the atmosphere during 1962-1965, tritium has been used as an environmental tracer in the studies on surface water budgets, groundwater age and flow velocities, groundwater recharge, and dispersion and diffusion in aquifers. A 1989 study detailed the distribution of tritium... 

Table 2.1 Various estimates of the annual water budget of the Amazon basin.

Matsuyama, H. 1992. "The water budget in the Amazon River Basin during the FGGE Period." Journal of Meteorological Society Japan 70 1071-1083. 

Jordan C.F. and Heuveldop J., The water budget of an Amazonia rain forest. Acta AmazOnica , 11 (1), 87-92 (1981). 

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