Mole budget

Two-phase density calculations require some bookkeeping, as shown in Table 18.1. This table describes mixture composition by its overall contaminant concentration, c, the water concentration of the diluting air, q, and the degrees of condensation (a, a ) for contaminant and water vapor, respectively. The mole budget provides useful ratios, e.g., the overall degree of condensation ( ( , = a - c + a - q (1 — c). When the terms in the right-hand column are normalized by the contents of each phase, we obtain gas-phase concentrations (x, Xa Xw) [mole mole" ] of contaminant, dry air, and humidity, respectively, and liquid-phase concentrations (X, X ) [mole mole" ]. These concentrations are related by =... 

Density calculation of chemically active mixtures relies on mole budgets similar yet slightly more complex than those shown in Table 18.1. The composition will depend on the degree of reaction, which in the ideal case, is determined by the law of mass action. The heat of reaction will contribute to the enthalpy budget in Eq. (18.2). 

Tropospheric ozone budgets, globally and for the northern (NH) and southern (SH) hemisphere in unit of 1013 mole/year. Only CH4 and CO oxidation cycles were considered. Calculations were made with the global, three-dimensional MOGUNT1A model (IS). 

The Amazon shelf nutrient budgets for Si, P, and N are shown in Fig. 17.3 and Table 17.2. These data emphasize the most recent results from the AmasSeds Project (for example, DeMaster et al. 1996, DeMaster and Pope 1996 Aller et al. 1996), as well as a previous compilation by Richey et al. (199D-The gross uptake rates for Si, P, and N were estimated based on the seasonal C primary productivity data of Smith and DeMaster (1996), assuming stoichiometric Redfield C/N (6.6 on a molar basis) and C/P (IO6) ratios (Redfield et al. 1963). A C/Si mole ratio of 6.6 was used for tropical diatoms (Brzezinski 1985). Shoreward advection of ocean water originated from subsurface... 

In Table 6.1 a series of idealised decomposition reactions are listed in order of their energy yields per mole of carbon, and therefore, broadly speaking, their diagenetic sequence. The relative importance of each reaction to the overall carbon budget depends on the relative supply of each reaction s electron acceptor and the relative supply of each reaction s metabolisable carbon. For carbon supply, the rate of sedimentation is... 

Here, 3.75 mol of organic matter are consumed for each mole of pyrite deposited, and an equivalent quantity of 02 is left behind in the atmosphere-ocean system. The excess 02 is used up again in the oxidation of pyrite when it is brought to Earth s surface by the sedimentary rock cycle. With regard to the oxygen budget, it is important to note that disulfide represents... 

Table 9. Statistics of estimated parameters for acidity budget calculation in Japan, mole ha yr (Shindo, ]998),...

In this reaction, there is a net transfer of Ca " " (or Mg + in the case of magnesium carbonates) from the continental crust to the ocean, a creation of two equivalents of alkalinity and a transfer to the river system of two moles of carbon per mole of Ca " ", one coming from the crust, the other one from the atmosphere. Once the weathering products reach the ocean, they will increase the saturation state of surface waters with respect to calcite and induce rapidly (within 10 years) the biologically driven precipitation of one mole of CaC03 followed by its deposition on the seafloor. The precipitation-deposition reaction is the reverse of reaction [1]. The net carbon budget of the weathering of carbonate minerals followed by deposition of sedimentary carbonate is thus equal to zero. 

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